Goniothalamus giganteus

Goniothalamus giganteus
	Color illustration of Goniothalamus giganteus.[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Annonaceae
Genus:	Goniothalamus
Species:	G. giganteus
Binomial name
	Goniothalamus giganteus; Hook.f. & Thomson
Synonyms
	Goniothalamus oxycarpus (Miq.) Miq.; Guatteria oxycarpa Miq.

Goniothalamus giganteus is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Malaya, Myanmar, Sumatra and Thailand.[2] Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Thomson, the British botanists who first formally described the species, named it after its exceptionally large (giganteuscode: lat promoted to code: la in Latin) flowers.[3][4]

Description

Its young branches are smooth and its older branches have white bark with a wrinkled surface. Its petioles are 8 millimeters long. Its leathery, stiff leaves are 16.2-27 by 4.8-8.1 centimeters. The upper surfaces of the leaves are shiny and dark green, while the undersides are paler. Its large yellow flowers are on 2.7-4.1 centimeters long peduncels that are in axillary positions. Its 3 broad, oval sepals are 1.8 centimeters long and come to a blunt point at their tips. The sepals have woolly hairs on both surfaces. Its flowers have 6 petals in two rows of 3. Its outer petals are 10.8 by 5.4 centimeters with a clawed base and wavy margins. Both sides of the outer petals have fine hairs and the base of the inner surface has golden silky hairs. The inner petals have dense silky hairs and are united in the upper 1.8 centimeters of their margins. The flowers' receptacles are flat and hollowed out in the middle. It has numerous stamen. Its ovaries are linear to oblong. Its styles are filiform with slightly club-shaped tips.[4][5]

Reproductive Biology

Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[6]

Habitat and Distribution

It has been observed growing in evergreen forests, swampy lowlands, and hillsides at elevations of 0 to 900 meters.[6]

Uses

Bioactive compounds extracted from its bark have been reported to have cytotoxic activity in tests with cultured human cancer cells.[7][8]

gollark: INI is hardly obvious *either*, given that if you don't do this sort of thing your application/parser ends up having to just arbitrarily decide how to handle some weird thing.

gollark: And that should be an *error*, instead of just guessing what they mean.

gollark: > Be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others.I don't think this is actually a good idea, which is why we have strong typing.

gollark: Which is made easier if your config file format does not assume "haha yes it is definitely all just strings".

gollark: rule four.

References

Herzsohn, Paul (1890). "Ueber Kleistogamie Im Weiteren Sinne Und Das Knight-Darwin'sche Gesetz" [About Cleistogamy in the Broader Sense and the Knight-Darwin Law]. Annales Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg (in German). 8 (2): 123–145. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
"Goniothalamus giganteus Hook.f. & Thomson". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Ore. Newton Abbot: Timber Press David & Charles. ISBN 9780881926279.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton; Thomson, Thomas (1855). Flora Indica (in English and Latin). London: W. Pamplin. p. 109.
Ridley, Henry Nicholas (1922). The flora of the Malay Peninsula. 1. London: L. Reeve & co., ltd. p. 65.
Saunders, Richard M. K.; Chalermglin, Piya (2008). "A synopsis of Goniothalamus species (Annonaceae) in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (3): 355–384. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00762.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
Fang, Xin-ping; Anderson, Jon E.; Chang, Ching-jer; McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1991). "Three new bioactive styryllactones from goniothalamus giganteus (Annonaceae)". Tetrahedron. 47 (47): 9751–9758. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80715-8. ISSN 0040-4020.
Alali, Feras Q.; Rogers, Lingling; Zhang, Yan; McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1998). "Unusual bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus". Tetrahedron. 54 (22): 5833–5844. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00286-5. ISSN 0040-4020.

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[Herzsohn1890-1] Herzsohn, Paul (1890). "Ueber Kleistogamie Im Weiteren Sinne Und Das Knight-Darwin'sche Gesetz" [About Cleistogamy in the Broader Sense and the Knight-Darwin Law]. Annales Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg (in German). 8 (2): 123–145. Retrieved April 15, 2020.

[2] "Goniothalamus giganteus Hook.f. & Thomson". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved January 19, 2019.

[3] Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Ore. Newton Abbot: Timber Press David & Charles. ISBN 9780881926279.

[HookerThomson1855-4] Hooker, Joseph Dalton; Thomson, Thomas (1855). Flora Indica (in English and Latin). London: W. Pamplin. p. 109.

[5] Ridley, Henry Nicholas (1922). The flora of the Malay Peninsula. 1. London: L. Reeve & co., ltd. p. 65.

[SaundersChalermglin2008-6] Saunders, Richard M. K.; Chalermglin, Piya (2008). "A synopsis of Goniothalamus species (Annonaceae) in Thailand, with descriptions of three new species". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (3): 355–384. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00762.x. ISSN 0024-4074.

[FangAnderson1991-7] Fang, Xin-ping; Anderson, Jon E.; Chang, Ching-jer; McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1991). "Three new bioactive styryllactones from goniothalamus giganteus (Annonaceae)". Tetrahedron. 47 (47): 9751–9758. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80715-8. ISSN 0040-4020.

[AlaliRogers1998-8] Alali, Feras Q.; Rogers, Lingling; Zhang, Yan; McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1998). "Unusual bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus". Tetrahedron. 54 (22): 5833–5844. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00286-5. ISSN 0040-4020.