Goitrogen

Goitrogens are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones by interfering with iodine uptake in the thyroid gland. This triggers the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then promotes the growth of thyroid tissue, eventually leading to goiter.[1]

Goitrogenic drugs and chemicals

Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:

• Sulfadimethoxine (Albon),[2] propylthiouracil,[3] potassium perchlorate,[4] and iopanoic acid.[5]
• Some oxazolidines such as goitrin.[6]
• Ions such as thiocyanate[7] (from cigarette smoking for example[8]) and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause, at low doses, an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback), which then stimulates the gland.
• Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine; also interferes with thyroid hormone action.
• Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release.
• Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin induce metabolic degradation of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄).

Goitrogenic foods

Foods which have been demonstrated to have goitrogenic effects include soy, cassava (when crushed and not detoxified by soaking,[7]) vegetables in the genus Brassica (such as broccoli and cabbage),[9] and other cruciferous vegetables.[10]. In places where iodine deficiency exists in tandem with millet being a major component of the diet, millet consumption can contribute to thyroid enlargement which is the start of endemic goiter.[11]

See also

• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thyroid

References

1. Bender, David A. (2009). "Goitrogens". A dictionary of food and nutrition (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199234875.
2. "Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in late gestation". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. Rosenfeld H, Ornoy A, Shechtman S, Diav-Citrin O (2009). "Pregnancy outcome, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 68 (4): 609–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03495.x. PMC 2780286. PMID 19843064.
4. Soldin OP, Braverman LE, Lamm SH (2001). "Perchlorate Clinical Pharmacology and Human Health: A Review". Ther Drug Monit. 23 (4): 316–31. doi:10.1097/00007691-200108000-00002. PMC 3640367. PMID 11477312.
5. Andreucci M, Solomon R, Tasanarong A (2014). "Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention". Biomed Res Int. 2014: 741018. doi:10.1155/2014/741018. PMC 4034507. PMID 24895606.
6. Verhoeven DT, Verhagen H, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van Poppel G (February 1997). "A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables". Chem. Biol. Interact. 103 (2): 79–129. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(96)03745-3. PMID 9055870.
7. Vanderpas J (2006). "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 26: 293–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810. PMID 16704348.
8. Erdogan MF (2003). "Thiocyanate overload and thyroid disease". BioFactors (Review). 19 (3–4): 107–11. doi:10.1002/biof.5520190302. PMID 14757960.
9. Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
10. Gaitan, Eduardo (July 1990). "Goitrogens in Food and Water". Annual Review of Nutrition. 10 (1): 21–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321. PMID 1696490.
11. Eduardo Gaitan; Raymond, H. Lindsay; Robert D. Reichert; Sidney H. Ingbar; Robert C. Cooksey; Jim Legan; Edward F. Meydrech; John Hill; Ken Kubota (1989). "Antithyroid and Goitrogenic Effects of Millet: Role of C-Glycosylflavones". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 68 (4): 707–714. doi:10.1210/jcem-68-4-707. PMID 2921306.

External links

• Goitrogenic Substances in Food