Globitermes sulphureus

Globitermes sulphureus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Isoptera
Family:	Termitidae
Genus:	Globitermes
Species:	G. sulphureus
Binomial name
	Globitermes sulphureus; Haviland[1]

Globitermes sulphureus is a species of termite that is very common in Central and Southern Vietnam[1] and also present in other areas of South East Asia, including Malaysia.[2] They live in nests made of earth that can be up to 1.5 m tall and can contain tens of thousands of individuals. Between five and 10 per cent of the population are soldier termites which can be recognised by their yellow abdomen and two large, curved mandibles. The termites use autothysis as a defense mechanism.[1]

Defense

A drawing of the head of a soldier termite showing the head (H), antennae (A) and the mandibles (M). Scale bar = 0.3mm

When the nest is damaged, the soldier termites defend the nest and workers rapidly repair any damage to the nest walls. The soldiers stand on alert on their legs and scan the area with their antennae. If the nest is attacked by ants, for example Oecophylla smaragdina, the workers immediately escape by retreating into the nest, while the soldiers remain outside to defend the nest. They will first attempt to catch and pierce the attackers with their large mandibles. If this does not deter the attackers, some soldiers secrete a yellow liquid from a large gland that occupies a large proportion of their body. The liquid is forced out of the gland by contractions of the mandibular muscles which compress the walls of the gland. This liquid rapidly hardens on contact with air, producing a sticky substance that traps ants and other termites.[1] The secretion also contains a pheromone which attracts more soldiers to fight the attackers. In some cases, the contractions are so violent that the termites rupture themselves. This form of suicidal altruism is known as autothysis.[1]

Nitrogen fixation

G. sulphureus is able to fix nitrogen. An experiment in Thailand found that they fix around 250 grams of nitrogen per hectare per year. Although this contribution is only between 7% and 22% of the total nitrogen inputs in the ecosystem it is thought to be relatively important as termites add it to dead wood, thereby accelerating its decomposition.[3]

Foraging

G. sulphureus forages areas of up to 62m² and ventures up to 16m away from its nest.[4]

Control

The species is a major pest in areas it inhabits as it attacks wooden structures[1] and can damage coconut and oil palm plantations.[4] Experiments have shown that it can be controlled using the insecticide imidacloprid.[2]

gollark: Is that secure?

gollark: Not "oops, we accidentally made something exactly like a human but it's in a computer and it doesn't like us".

gollark: The main thing we probably have to worry about is misaligned things being programmed with goals like "ensure there is no mess on the floor" removing the entire floor, and such.

gollark: ......

gollark: Building in resentment and such would actually be harder than just not doing that.

References

Bordereau, C.; A. Robert; V. Van Tuyen; A. Peppuy (August 1997). "Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)". Insectes Sociaux. Birkhäuser Basel. 44 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1007/s000400050049. ISSN 1420-9098.
Majid, Abdul Hafiz Ab.; Abu Hassan Ahmad; Rashid M Z A; Che Salmah Md Rawi (2007). "Preliminary field efficacy of imidacloprid on Globitermes sulphureus (Isoptera: Termitidae) (Subterranean termite) in Penang" (PDF). Jurnal Biosains. 18 (2): 109–114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
Yamada, Akinori; Tetsushi Inoue; Decha Wiwatwitaya; Moriya Ohkuma; Toshiaki Kudo; Atsuko Sugimoto (February 2006). "Nitrogen Fixation by Termites in Tropical Forests, Thailand". Ecosystems. Springer New York. 9 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0024-7. ISSN 1435-0629.
Lee, Chow-Yang; Jocelyn Yap; Peng-Soon Ngee; Zairi Jaal (2003). "Foraging Colonies of a Higher Mound-building Subterranean Termite, Globitermes sulphureus (Haviland) in Malaysia" (PDF). Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomological Zoology. 14 (2): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.

External links

Photograph of a nest and a soldier

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[Bordereau-1] Bordereau, C.; A. Robert; V. Van Tuyen; A. Peppuy (August 1997). "Suicidal defensive behaviour by frontal gland dehiscence in Globitermes sulphureus Haviland soldiers (Isoptera)". Insectes Sociaux. Birkhäuser Basel. 44 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1007/s000400050049. ISSN 1420-9098.

[malaysia-2] Majid, Abdul Hafiz Ab.; Abu Hassan Ahmad; Rashid M Z A; Che Salmah Md Rawi (2007). "Preliminary field efficacy of imidacloprid on Globitermes sulphureus (Isoptera: Termitidae) (Subterranean termite) in Penang" (PDF). Jurnal Biosains. 18 (2): 109–114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.

[nitrogen-3] Yamada, Akinori; Tetsushi Inoue; Decha Wiwatwitaya; Moriya Ohkuma; Toshiaki Kudo; Atsuko Sugimoto (February 2006). "Nitrogen Fixation by Termites in Tropical Forests, Thailand". Ecosystems. Springer New York. 9 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0024-7. ISSN 1435-0629.

[lee-4] Lee, Chow-Yang; Jocelyn Yap; Peng-Soon Ngee; Zairi Jaal (2003). "Foraging Colonies of a Higher Mound-building Subterranean Termite, Globitermes sulphureus (Haviland) in Malaysia" (PDF). Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomological Zoology. 14 (2): 105–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.