Glaspalast (Munich)

The Glaspalast (Glass Palace) was a glass and iron exhibition building located in the Old botanical garden - Munich in Munich modeled after The Crystal Palace in London. The Glaspalast opened for the Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieausstellung (First General German Industrial Exhibition) on July 15, 1854.

Glaspalast
The Glaspalast in Munich
General information
StatusDestroyed
TypeExhibition palace
Town or cityMunich
CountryGermany
Coordinates48°08′32″N 11°33′53″E
Construction started31 December 1853
Completed7 June 1854
Destroyed6 June 1931
Cost800,000 guldens
Design and construction
ArchitectAugust von Voit
Ground plan 1854

Planning

Following other examples around Europe, the Glaspalast was ordered by Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, in order to hold the Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieausstellung (First General German Industrial Exhibition) on July 15, 1854.

Originally it was planned to erect the building on Maximilianplatz. However, the relevant Commission decision preferred an area near the railway station. Designed by architect August von Voit and built by MAN AG, the building was built in 1854 to the north of the Old Botanical Garden close to the Stachus.

Construction

Following the completion of 1853 Schrannenhalle and the planned and conservatory of Munich Residence, a glass with cast iron design was used, using existing experience for this modern building.

As with the Crystal Palace in London, initial designs were relatively complex. Due to the short time available for construction, the design was significantly simplified and relied on use of standard components. Conventional construction methods were not possible due to the large amount of building materials required.

The two-storied building was 234 meters (768 ft) long, 67 meters (220 ft) wide and 25 meters (82 ft) high. The elongated rectangular glass palace, in the form of a five-nave and two-storey main building in the hall with a transept in the middle and rectangular extensions at the ends of the longitudinal ship had a length of 234 meters and was 67 meters wide; the height was 25 meters.

The building was built entirely of glass and cast iron, load-bearing walls were completely omitted. The 1,700 tons of prefabricated iron parts were made by Cramer-Klett in Nuremberg. The company Cramer-Klett was the leader at this time in southern Germany in the field of iron constructions, the company had previously built the Großhesseloher bridge in Munich and also the Maximilian II conservatory. For this construction, the glass was produced in the more traditional Schmidsfelden glass works.

Construction was a mere six months, beginning December 31, 1853 and ending June 7, 1854, during which time 37,000 windows were installed. The total cost of construction was 800,000 guldens.

The Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieausstellung opened five weeks later, only three years after the completion of the Crystal Palace in London, which served as its model.

Use

First General German industry exhibition
Glaspalast with German Industry exhibition, 1854

Just three years after the completion of the Crystal Palace in London, which served as a model, the First General German Industry Exhibition opened at the newly built glass palaceon July 15, 1854. However the opening was overshadowed as first the staff and later the exhibition guests were affected by cholera.

Electrification

In 1882 die erste elektrisch beleuchtete Internationale Elektrotechnische Ausstellung (the first electrically lit international electrotechnical exhibition) took place in the Glass Palace. The German engineer Oskar von Miller had built a 2000 volt DC overhead power line from Miesbach, 50 km distant, to bring power to Munich. At the exhibition, an electrically powered pump for an artificial waterfall demonstrated the feasibility of bringing electrical power over long distances.[1]

The Glass Palace as a venue of art exhibitions
Poster for the VII. International Art Exhibition in Munich, by Franz von Stuck in 1897
Awakened by Clara Walther, Official catalogue of the 8th International Exhibition in 1901

In 1858, the "First German general and historical art exhibition" organized in the palace, followed in 1869 by the "I. International Art Exhibition ", 1888" III. International Art Exhibition ".

From 1889, the Crystal Palace was almost exclusively used for art exhibitions. This affected the forum and place of the international art trade.

Other uses

When it was planned, following the industrial exhibition, it was assumed that the Glaspalast would be used as a greenhouse. However it was almost exclusively used for international art exhibitions and artist festivals.

Fire
Winter Landscape with Church (1807-08). This oil painting by Caspar David Friedrich was among the works destroyed in the fire.
Painting by Friedrich Overbeck destroyed in the fire

The building was destroyed in a fire on June 6, 1931,[2] a fate shared with the other crystal palaces. The cause of the fire was later determined to be arson. The fire in the Glaspalast irretrievably destroyed more than 3,000 artworks including more than 110 paintings from the early 19th century including many paintings by Caspar David Friedrich, Moritz von Schwind, Karl Blechen, and Philipp Otto Runge. A further 1,000 works by contemporary artists at that time were heavily damaged and only 80 artworks were recovered unharmed. [3]

The daily newspaper "Neues Wiener Tagblatt" reported on the following day, June 7, 1931 in a telegram: The fire of the Munich Glass Palace, S. 4:[4]

"The fire of the Glass Palace is one of the biggest destructive disasters to Europe's art. In Germany since the Thirty Years' War were never at one time so many works of art destroyed as by this fire. Only 80 of the 2820 exhibited works of painting, graphics and sculpture were rescued. The damage is estimated to be between 25 and 30 million Marks. [...] A special tragicomedy was the fact that the pictures rejected by the jury were stored in an adjacent shed not affected by the fire. About the cause of the fire only assumptions are known. Provisional Rumor of a discontented artistic revenge, but which cannot be confirmed. The initial investigations show that the fire may have broken out in the carpentry shop, where work continued on the day. 20 firefighters were injured in the rescue work. General Zimmermann, who risked his life to save treasures from the 75 completely burned halls, had first to be forcibly restrained by police. A meeting at the Ministry of Culture, which ended in the afternoon, has decided to immediately initiate a relief by a public appeal to the German people on the occasion of national calamity ... "

Other

After the fire, plans were made to rebuild the Glaspalast. However, the plans were abandoned in 1933 after seizure of power by the new Nazi government. Instead of rebuilding the palace, the government built the Haus der Kunst (House of Art) on the Prinzregentenstraße near the Englischer Garten (English Garden).

In 1936 a small exhibition pavilion was built, but was destroyed in World War II. This was rebuilt by artists after the war.[5]

The Park Cafe now stands on the site of the Glaspalast.[6]

The fountain of the Glaspalast, which remained intact, today stands in the center of the Weißenburger Platz in the Haidhausen quarter of Munich.

Footnotes
  1. Chronologie des Miesbacher Bergbaus Archived 2013-02-06 at Archive.today, Websitebetreiber: Kappenverein Peißenberg, abgerufen am 5. März 2010
  2. The Times, June 8, 1931
  3. Axel Winterstein. "Heiße Kontroverse um die Brandursache" (in German). Münchner Stadtanzeiger. Archived from the original on 5 June 1996. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  4. Der Brand des Münchener Glaspalastes, Telegramm aus Neues Wiener Tagblatt, Tages-Ausgabe vom 7. Juni 1931, S. 4, abgerufen am 9. März 2015.
  5. Geschichte des Kunstpavillons
  6. Webpräsenz des Münchnes "Park Cafés" dort unter: Erfahren: Geschichte Archived 2014-07-16 at Archive.today

Sources
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