Generalized vector space model

The Generalized vector space model is a generalization of the vector space model used in information retrieval. Wong et al.[1] presented an analysis of the problems that the pairwise orthogonality assumption of the vector space model (VSM) creates. From here they extended the VSM to the generalized vector space model (GVSM).

Definitions

GVSM introduces term to term correlations, which deprecate the pairwise orthogonality assumption. More specifically, the factor considered a new space, where each term vector t_i was expressed as a linear combination of 2ⁿ vectors m_r where r = 1...2ⁿ.

For a document d_k and a query q the similarity function now becomes:

${\displaystyle sim(d_{k},q)={\frac {\sum _{j=1}^{n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i,k}*w_{j,q}*t_{i}\cdot t_{j}}{{\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i,k}^{2}}}*{\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{n}w_{i,q}^{2}}}}}}$

where t_i and t_j are now vectors of a 2ⁿ dimensional space.

Term correlation ${\displaystyle t_{i}\cdot t_{j}}$ can be implemented in several ways. For an example, Wong et al. uses the term occurrence frequency matrix obtained from automatic indexing as input to their algorithm. The term occurrence and the output is the term correlation between any pair of index terms.

Semantic information on GVSM

There are at least two basic directions for embedding term to term relatedness, other than exact keyword matching, into a retrieval model:

1. compute semantic correlations between terms
2. compute frequency co-occurrence statistics from large corpora

Recently Tsatsaronis[2] focused on the first approach.

They measure semantic relatedness (SR) using a thesaurus (O) like WordNet. It considers the path length, captured by compactness (SCM), and the path depth, captured by semantic path elaboration (SPE). They estimate the ${\displaystyle t_{i}\cdot t_{j}}$ inner product by:

${\displaystyle t_{i}\cdot t_{j}=SR((t_{i},t_{j}),(s_{i},s_{j}),O)}$

where s_i and s_j are senses of terms t_i and t_j respectively, maximizing ${\displaystyle SCM\cdot SPE}$.

Building also on the first approach, Waitelonis et. al.[3] have computed semantic relatedness from Linked Open Data resources including DBpedia as well as the YAGO taxonomy. Thereby they exploits taxonomic relationships among semantic entities in documents and queries after named entity linking.

References

1. Wong, S. K. M.; Ziarko, Wojciech; Wong, Patrick C. N. (1985-06-05), "Generalized vector spaces model in information retrieval", Proceedings of the 8th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval - SIGIR '85, SIGIR ACM, pp. 18–25, doi:10.1145/253495.253506, ISBN 0897911598
2. Tsatsaronis, George; Panagiotopoulou, Vicky (2009-04-02), A Generalized Vector Space Model for Text Retrieval Based on Semantic Relatedness (PDF), EACL ACM
3. Waitelonis, Jörg; Exeler, Claudia; Sack, Harald (2015-09-11), Linked Data enabled Generalized Vector Space Model to improve document retrieval (PDF), ISWC 2015, CEUR-WS 1581