Gedung Kuning

Gedung Kuning (Jawi: ڬيدوڠ كونيڠ ; English for "Yellow Mansion") is a former Malay palace in Singapore. Gedung Kuning is located at 73 Sultan Gate is located within the Malay Heritage Centre, near Masjid Sultan in the historic district of Kampong Glam in Singapore. However, from 1919 to 1925, the Gedung Kuning's address was 33 Sultan Gate.[1] The palace, together with the adjacent Istana Kampong Glam, and compounds were refurbished as part of the development of the Malay Heritage Centre in 2004.

Yellow Mansion
Gedung Kuning
Gedung Kuning (Yellow Mansion) at the Malay Heritage Centre, Singapore.
Location in Singapore
General information
StatusComplete
Typemansion
Architectural stylePalladian
ClassificationA-2
LocationKampong Glam
Address73 Sultan Gate, Singapore 198497
CountrySingapore
Coordinates1°18′07.9″N 103°51′36.0″E
Current tenantsRestoran Tepak Sireh (2003-2012)
Mamanda (2012 - Apr 2019)
Amazing Chambers Singapura (Oct 2019 - present
Named forYellow Mansion
Completed1846
Opened1846
Renovated1999 - 2003
OwnerMalay Heritage Centre
LandlordSingapore Land Authority
Technical details
Floor count2
Other information
Number of restaurants1
Restoran Tepak Sireh (2003-2012)
Mamanda (2012-present)
Gedung Kuning under restoration August 2001, seen from Sultan Gate, Singapore.

History

Circa 1846: Even though Singapore never had a Bendahara (Prime Minister), a Rumah Bendahara (House of the Prime Minister) was built for Tengku Mahmud, the younger son of Sultan Ali of Johor. It was built around the 1840s – 1850s, after Istana Kampong Glam was rebuilt by Sultan Ali of Johor.[2] Tengku Mahmud named the mansion Gedung Kuning (the Yellow Mansion) after its yellow walls.[3] It is probably painted yellow as a signifier of a royal house.[4]

1897: Due to a succession dispute, on 23 December 1897, the Court of Appeal of the Colony decided that no one could claim the estate and now, it belonged to the Crown.[5]

1907: A Statutory Land Grant was issued when one of Sultan Ali's sons, Tungku Mohamed mortgaged the house to R.M.P.S Annamalay Chitty on 25 January 1907.[6]

30 July 1912: Haji Yusoff bin Haji Mohamed Noor (also known as Hadjee Eusope Bin Hadjee Mohamed Noor) bought Gedung Kuning from R.M.P.C Mootiah Chitty.*

2 May 1919: During the period of 6 years, a series of Chinese families took turns having ownership of the house starting with Choo Saw San in 1919 and ended with Majoor Oei Tiong Ham after his death in 1924.[7]

28 July 1925: Haji Yusoff bought Gedung Kuning back from Oei Tjong Swan, the son of Oei Tiong Ham in 1925. Rumour had it that the Chinese families were often plagued with personal misfortune during their stint in Gedung Kuning [8] as well as after they sold the house[9]

1925 - 1999: Four generations of Haji Yusoff's family stayed in Gedung Kuning from 1925 to 1999.[10]

12 March 1999: Government announced plans to convert the Istana Kampong Glam and Gedung Kuning into a part of the Malay Heritage Centre. Istana Kampung Gelam will be turned into a museum whereas Gedung Kuning will be turned into a gallery cafe.

11 September 1999: Gedung Kuning was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act[11] and now belonged to the Singapore Government. Haji Yusoff's descendants who were staying in Gedung Kuning had to leave the mansion.

1999 - 2003: Gedung Kuning underwent restoration.

Restoran Tepak Sireh at Gedung Kuning, 73 Sultan Gate, Singapore.

27 Dec 2003: Restoran Tepak Sireh at Gedung Kuning was officially opened by Associate Professor Yaacob Ibrahim, Minister in-charge of Muslim Affairs.

2008: The Malay Heritage Centre came under the charge of the National Heritage Board.

August 2011: The Malay Heritage Centre closed for extensive renovation and is scheduled to open in June 2012.

1 January 2012: Restoran Tepak Sireh closed down. The National Heritage Board evaluated tenders for new business at Gedung Kuning.

September 2012: A new semi-fine dining Malay restaurant named Mamanda was opened at Gedung Kuning on September 2012 and had been operating since then.[12]

Mamanda, Kampong Glam
Inside Mamanda restaurant in Gedung Kuning, Singapore.
Inside Mamanda restaurant in Gedung Kuning, Singapore.
Inside Mamanda restaurant in Gedung Kuning, Singapore.

Architectural Features of Gedung Kuning

Gedung Kuning was built in the 1850s with similar elements as the shophouse. The main key elements of a shophouse, which the Urban Redevelopment Authority sees as the most important [13] are roofs, foundation, party walls, timber beams & joist, airwells, rear court, windows, doors, staircase, façade and the forecourts’ wall and gate. Gedung Kuning's main structure consist a mixture of timber framing for the roof and load-bearing walls.

Foundations

Gedung Kuning is presumably built on pad foundations made of mass masonry. If it was built on a strip foundation, it will run underneath and support the load-bearing walls. Pad foundation made of mass masonry typically consists of several layers of bricks where the lowest layer is usually twice the breadth of the wall above and the total height of the footings is about twoIthirds of the breadth of the wall. Masonry foundations were usually made from 75 x 215 x 100 mm burnt clay bricks bonded together with lime mortar, which makes it porous and less rigid, giving the foundation more tolerance to differential settlement as compared to cement mortar. As a result, the building will not have much cracks or fissures over the years, as the case of Gedung Kuning. However, the columns along Kandahar Street were built out of pad foundations made out of reinforced concrete.

Load-bearing walls

Gedung Kuning is built primarily on a load-bearing wall. The wall bears the weight of the house and transfers the load to the foundation structure. This is similar to the party walls in a shophouse. The load-bearing walls demarcate each room of Gedung Kuning as how party walls demarcate each shophouse.[14] As party walls are also known as firewalls, the load-bearing walls of Gedung Kuning serve similar functions by creating a barrier and preventing the spread of fire between or through each rooms. A party wall is usually extended above the roof level to ensure its effectiveness but this does not exist in Gedung Kuning as it is a standalone house. However, this idea is evident on the Gedung Kuning's walkway on Kandahar Street when the boundary wall is extended onto the walkway. This is probably erected to prevent the spread of fire between Gedung Kuning and the former Kota Raja Club. The walls of Gedung Kuning are constructed using brickwork construction method and plastered for a smooth finish and painted over.[15][16] The wall has a uniform thickness throughout the two levels. The load-bearing walls are supported on the foundation. There are several non-structural wall used to partition room. Usually, the load-bearing walls are supported on a continuous strip foundation while a column rests on brick footings, which were in turn supported on bakau (mangrove) timber piles.Lime mortar [17] is usually used in the construction of the brickwork in early buildings and due to the damp evaporation ability, which slows down the proliferation of the spalling of surface finishes, such as plaster and paintwork, caused by accumulated damp inside the structural element as compared to cement mortar used in later construction.

Columns & Arches

There are several columns in Gedung Kuning especially on the side of the house facing Kandahar Street. In the context of a shophouse, columns are usually found on the front of the building forming the fiveI footway.[18] The columns in Gedung Kuning placed along Kandahar Street formed the fiveIfootway colonnade while supporting the upper floor verandah. The columns of early shophouse are made out of brick piers but for Gedung Kuning, it is made out of concrete. Columns also appear on the second storey façade of the verandah and the Corinthian pilaster accentuated the columns. In addition to that, there are two Ionic columns that exist on the side of the house facing Sultan Gate. The Ionic columns are not load-bearing as it does not align with the grid of the load-bearing wall. The application of Classical order is correct in terms of the accordance with Roman preferences but it is missing the Doric order. Arches exist on Gedung Kuning on Kandahar Street between two columns. However, arches are not a common feature in the neighboring shophouses. Arches contribute to the streetscape by accentuating the rhythmic progression of the five-footway. The arches also exist on the carport of the house.

Five-Footway

FiveIfootway are continuous colonnade covered walkways running the length of the fronts or sides of shophouse blocks and integral to the shophouse structure.[19] Five footways exist for a limited length of 11.17 metres on the side of Gedung Kuning facing Kandahar Street under the house's verandah only. The areas after those are exposed to the elements. The walkways only exist in front of the house. It ended with the party walls blocking the walkway. The walls and columns are plastered and painted. The fiveIfootways are now paved with modern tiles. However, previously, it was probably paved with terracotta tiles, waxed cement screed, granite slabs or a combination of materials.

Beams and Joists

Beams and joist are horizontal structural members that distribute the dead and live load from the upper floors to the load-bearing walls.[20] The beams and joist in Gedung Kuning are made out of timber because it was a readily available material back then. It is often made of Chengal, a hardwood that is resistant to the dead load transferred from the upper floors. It is an economical material as it could be sourced locally and has enough tensile strength to carry lateral loads. Main timber beams, which are key horizontal structural members, are parallel to Kandahar Street & Sultan Gate road and span between the walls. However, there are beams and joist that run in the perpendicular direction. Those beams are usually located in the outdoor spaces such as the fiveIfootway. This suggests that the direction of beams might indicate spaces that are outdoors and public, and spaces that are more private. The beams and joist rest on ledges where the wall diminish in thickness and act as a load-bearing surface. I-beams have been introduced into structures to replace rotten timber beams but in Gedung Kuning, it is used to support the current beams. Exposed IIbeams have to be encased in concrete for fire safety as well as aesthetics reasons. Reinforced concrete beams are used to support the upper storey of the five-footway.

Floors

The first storey floor of the Gedung Kuning is probably made of concrete and finished in a variety of materials from granite, decorative floor tiles to terracotta tiles. Often, like in the shophouse,[21] the more impermeable materials such as granite are used in outdoor spaces and terracotta tiles for five-footway. The decorative floor tiles in octagonal shaped have floral patterns in the form of a geometric eight-petalled flowers. The tiles are similar to the tiles of European origins found in an advertisement in 1912 catalogue.[22]

The upper floors with the exception of the toilet and service wet areas are made out of timber boarding supported on timber floor joist. Timber floorboards are thin horizontal structural members laid horizontally on the floor joist and joined to one another by the traditional tongue and groove method. The timber floor joists and floorboards used to be exposed and constitute the ceiling of the room below. The floorboards are now covered with concrete for fire safety reasons. The floor joists are beveled and moulded.

Roofs

The roof of Gedung Kuning is a pitched hipped roof and covered with overlapping and interlocking unglazed terracotta clay tiles that are VIprofiled and arranged in characteristics ridge and furrow fashion in one or more layers as required while being laid on timber battens. The means of bonding between the tiles is mortar and the entire roof finish is supported on timber roof members. The purlins span the load-bearing walls and transmitting the weight of the roof onto the load-bearing walls. Rafters are inclined structural members supporting the pitched roofs supported by purlins and roof beams. The eaves are broad and they overhang. The soffit of the eaves of the roof is covered with timber paneling. They are made of readily available timber (economical materials) that could be sourced locally and have enough tensile strength to carry lateral loads.

Waterproofing usually includes the use of bitumous asphalt, galvanized iron flashing, copings and a layer of corrugated metal roofing under the tiles. Although tarpaulin sheets and other waterproofing membranes can be commonly found spread over tile roofs and weighed down by bricks or timber members as an expedient measures. Galvanized iron gutters and downpipes complete the water removal system of traditional roofs. Water from the roofs are eventually drained off to the open surface drains.

Corbels

Corbels are short cantilevering beams or projections that serve to facilitate the connection of beams with columns.[23] They are usually made of timber, granite or concrete and ornamented with carvings or mouldings and occasionally are part of the overall ornamentation of the columns and beams. In Gedung Kuning, they are physically small in size and made out of concrete or plaster but their absence would be a significant departure from the original expression of the house and without them, the junction between the beam and columns would appear incomplete.

Stairs

The staircases are constructed of timber and are an internal element. The staircases are modified to the present stairs of 175mm risers and 220mm thread. The staircases have timber handrails and simple banisters are made of polished hardwood, which are free standing as balustrades. The staircase arrangement is straight with an elevated base landing. The first few steps are made out of brick foundation but now in reinforced concrete. This was done to prevent them from coming into contact with the wet floors .

gollark: Also, I have a perfectly good solution for much of the modern internet: just don't use JS and switch to plain CSS/HTML. You do not actually need it.
gollark: If I were designing it *from scratch*, I think I would mostly just put in an existing programming language (Lua!) with coherent design, design the APIs more coherently and asynchronously, fix the cross-origin security model from the start, that sort of thing.
gollark: How exciting. I MUST populate all cons cells with apiary forms.
gollark: But what if I want more than about 2.6843546e+08 cons cells?!
gollark: What if citrons (os) is to enter long mode?

See also

References
  1. "Land Office Notice 681, Section 8, Land Acquisition Act". gedungkuning.com. Singapore Land Authority. 13 March 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  2. Koh, Tommy (2006). Singapore : the encyclopedia. National Heritage Board. ISBN 978-9814155632.
  3. Ahmad, Mohd Don (17 June 1980). "Asal usul Gedung Kuning di Kampong Glam". Berita Harian.
  4. Oei, Jeff (24 October 2007). "Isn't Yellow Colour Royal?". Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  5. "Sultan Hussain Ordinance (Chapter 382) (Original Enactment: Ordinance 13 of 1904)". Attorney-General’s Chambers Singapore. Attorney-General’s Chambers Singapore. 30 December 2000. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  6. "Statutory Land Grant No. 16944. Survey No. 12561. District Singapore Town T.S. XIV Lot 53. No. 73, Sultan Gate". gedungkuning.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  7. "Statutory Land Grant No. 16944. Survey No. 12561. District Singapore Town T.S. XIV Lot 53. No. 73, Sultan Gate". gedungkuning.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  8. "Engineers' Negligence". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser: 12. 21 July 1922.
  9. Yoshihara, Kunlo (1989). "Interview: Oei Tjong Tjay". hdl:2433/56367. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. "Descendants of Haji Yusoff Bin Haji Mohamed Noor". gedungkuning.com. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  11. "Land Office Notice 681, Section 8, Land Acquisition Act". gedungkuning.com. Singapore Land Authority. 13 March 1999. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  12. https://www.mamanda.com.sg/
  13. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 38.
  14. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. pp. 41–43.
  15. Amin, Hidayah (2010). Gedung Kuning: Memories of a Malay Childhood. Singapore: Helang Books. p. 184.
  16. Historic District in the Central Area: A Manual for Kampong Glam Conservation Area. Urban Redevelopment Authority. July 1988. p. 52.
  17. Historic District:Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 67.
  18. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. pp. 59–62.
  19. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 63.
  20. Historic DistrictL Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 43.
  21. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 43.
  22. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. pp. 39–40.
  23. Historic District: Kampong Glam. Urban Redevelopment Authority. January 1995. p. 62.
  • National Heritage Board (2006), Discover Singapore - Heritage Trails, ISBN 981-05-6433-3
  • Tommy Koh et al. (2006), Singapore: The Encyclopedia, Editions Didier Millet and National Heritage Board, ISBN 981-4155-63-2
  • Hidayah Amin (2010), Gedung Kuning: Memories of a Malay Childhood, Singapore Heritage Society and Helang Books, ISBN 978-981-08-4756-2
  • Hidayah Amin (2013), The Mango Tree, Helang Books, ISBN 978-981-07-5134-0
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.