Galice language

Galice /ɡəˈliːs/, or Galice-Applegate or Upper Rogue River, is an extinct Athabaskan language once spoken by the two Upper Rogue River Athabaskan tribes, the Galice (Taltushtuntede) tribe and Applegate (Nabiltse, Dakubetede) tribe of southwestern Oregon.[2] It was spoken on the "Galice Creek and Applegate River, tributaries of the Rogue River in southwestern Oregon. There were at least two distinct dialects the Galice Creek and Applegate, but only the Galice Creek dialect is well documented."[3]

Galice
Upper Rogue River
Galice-Applegate
Native toUnited States
RegionOregon
Extinct1963, with the death of Hoxie Simmons
Language codes
ISO 639-3gce
Glottologgali1261[1]

It is one of the languages of the Oregon Athabaskan (Tolowa–Galice) cluster of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages.

Phonology
Consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Palato-alv.
/Palatal		 Velar Labialized
velar		 Glottal
plain lateral
Nasal m n    
Plosives unaspirated p t k kʷ ʔ
aspirated tʰ kʰ kʷʰ
ejective tʼ kʼ kʷʼ
Affricate unaspirated t͡s t͡ʃ
aspirated t͡ʃʰ
ejective t͡sʼ t͡ɬʼ t͡ʃʼ
Fricative voiceless s ɬ ʃ ʍ h
voiced z
Approximant l j w

The vowel sounds are [ɪ], [i], [ɛ], [a], and [o]. These vowels can appear in clusters and can also be elongated.[4]

Galice also has several rules regarding the placements of consonants. For example, affricates can never end a stem, and neither can /z/, /m/, or /j/. On the other hand, some consonant clusters are found only at the end of a stem, for example /mʔ/, /ʔʃ/ and /ʔɬ/.[4]

Morphology

Morphemes in Galice can be placed in one of four categories: stems, prefixes, postpositions and enclitics. Prefixes can be either derivational or grammatical, where the derivational helps make up a word base and is nearly always in the shape of CV. Grammatical prefixes are less common but have more flexibility in their shape [4]

Galice has three major word classes: nouns, verbs, and articles. Nouns can only be inflected for the possessive, in which case a prefix is added. Verbs may be inflected for person and number for neuter verbs and additionally for aspect in active and passive verbs. Nouns can come in four different types: a simple noun, which is a single stem morpheme; complex nouns, which has an apparent sequence; nominalized verbs; and compounds, which contain two (and sometimes three) noun bases in any of the other three categories.[4]

Verbs in Galice are made up of a stem preceded by one or more grammatical prefixes and zero or more derivational prefixes. There are 10 positions in a verb form and each can only be filled by specific types of prefixes and may not be filled at all.

Position NumberPrefix
Position 1Pronoun(may remain empty and cannot occur without Position 2)
Position 2Postposition (may remain empty and cannot occur without Position 1)
Position 3Derivational Prefix (may remain empty)
Position 4Third person plural
Position 5Pronominal (in the case of intransitive verb), Object pronoun (with intransivitves)
Position 6Derivational Prefix (may remain empty)
Position 7Aspectival prefixes (when empty, verb is in the zero-imperfective)
Position 8Subject pronoun (other than that in Position 5; when empty verb form is in third person)
Position 9Classifiers (verbs without this prefix are in zero-class)
Position 10Stem allomorph

Number and Person

Number

Number is not ordinarily marked in the noun. Those that are tend to be kinship terms and are marked with the enclitics –yoo or –kee.[4]

Person

Galice has 1st, 2nd, 3rd person. 1st and 2nd person singular and plural are marked in position 8. 3rd person remains unmarked in the singular, but in the plural form, it is marked in position 4 by haa- or ¬hii-. 1st person singular is marked by š- in all occurrences. 1st person plural can be marked with id- or i- depending in the class of the verb. Nasalization occurs in position eight when denoting 2nd person singular, while2nd person plural can be marked with oʔo-, ʔa-,ʔe-, or ʔo- depending on the preceding prefix.[4]

Classificatory Verbs

Galice has a relatively tame number of classificatory prefixes for its verb stems. It comes in with a modest 7 classes. In Galice, the class prefix comes just before the verb stem, in position nine.[5]

Class NumberMeaning
IA single round object
IIA long slender object
IIIA living being (humans or animals)
IVA container with contents
VA fabric like object
VISeveral objects, a mass, several people or a rope-like object
VIIA package-like object
gollark: Anyway, then it displays the nice options menu of all the stuff you're allowed to do, and runs whatever you select.
gollark: ... what?
gollark: Anyway! The next bit of code checks that the OmniDisk's UUID (this is not the disk ID, this is added as part of the signed code when the disk is written) is in the list downloaded from the internet, and verifies the allowed permissions and stuff.
gollark: GAAAAAH SO STUPID AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
gollark: On v2 disks the code which is loaded will download the second stage environment from the internet with a few parameters passed in; on v1 disks it's just loaded directly.

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Galice". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. "Ethnologue report for language code: gce". Retrieved 2012-11-01.
  3. "Galice-Applegate". MultiTree. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  4. Hoijer, 1966, "Athapaskan Galice: A Grammatical Sketch", International Journal of American Linguistics 32:320–327
  5. Summer Institute of Linguistics, and Harry Hoijer. Studies in the Athapaskan Languages. 29 Vol. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. Print. University of California Publications in Linguistics .
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.