Gabbai

A gabbai (Hebrew: גבאי‎), also known as shamash (שמש‎, sometimes spelled shamas) or parnas or warden (UK, similar to churchwarden) is a beadle or sexton, a person who assists in the running of synagogue services in some way. The role may be undertaken on a voluntary or paid basis. A shamash (literally 'servant') or gabbai can also mean an assistant to a rabbi (particularly the secretary or personal assistant to a Hassidic rebbe).

Gabbai in Biała Podlaska (Poland, 1926)

Etymology

The word gabbai is Aramaic and, in Talmudic times, meant "collector of taxes or charity" or "treasurer".[1]

The term shamash is sometimes used for the gabbai, the caretaker or "man of all work" in a synagogue.

The synonym parnas (פַּרְנָס, also spelt parnass; plural parnasim or parnassim) is from parnās, originally literally "manager".[2]

Duties

While the specific set of duties vary from synagogue to synagogue, a gabbai's responsibilities will typically include ensuring that the religious services run smoothly.[3]

The gabbai may be responsible for calling congregants up to the Torah.[4] In some synagogues, the gabbai stands next to the Torah reader, holding a version of the text with vowels and trop markings (which are not present in the actual Torah scroll), following along in order to correct the reader if the reader makes an error. In other synagogues, these responsibilities are instead that of a sgan (סגן).

A gabbai might manage some of the financial affairs of the institution, such as collection of contributions and keeping financial records.[5] The administrator of charitable funds might be called the gabbai tzedakah.[6]

A gabbai's responsibilities might also include maintaining a Jewish cemetery.

Dress

In some parts of the world, the gabbaim wears special clothing. In Anglo-Jewry, for example, gabbaim in some synagogue movements have traditionally worn top hats and where there is a shamash, he may wear canonicals.

An example from literature is "Moshe the Beadle", a character in Night by Elie Wiesel.

gollark: I live 20 minutes from a lot of things by high-speed suborbital rocket.
gollark: Which is terrible but for *different* reasons.
gollark: Some cryptocurrencies are proof of stake, to be fair.
gollark: All things containing electronic components are complicated and therefore equivalent.
gollark: Ah, but formal clothing is required to be impractical and annoying to actually wear compared to casual things.

References
  1. Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Bavli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature Archived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine by Marcus Jastrow. (London, 1903) 1971/2004 reprinting ISBN 1-932443-20-7. p.206
  2. "parnas". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "variants: parnass, plural parnasim or parnassim < Late Hebrew parnās manager"
  3. Ginsberg, Johanna. "Unsung Heroes". Jewish News (Whippany, New Jersey). 9 February 2006. p. 1.
  4. Wex, Michael. "Politics And The Gabbai". The New York Jewish Week. 21 September 2007. p. 3.
  5. Alpert, Carl. "Who ever suspected Gabbai of synagogue was 'agent'?" The New York Jewish Week. 22 March 1975. p. 15.
  6. Saiman, Chaim. "The Long Arm of Halacha: Jewish Law and the Madoff Scandal". Forward. 23 January 2009. p. 11.

Further reading
  • Yad LaTorah: Laws and Customs of the Torah Service - A Guide for Gabba'im and Torah Readers by Kenneth Goldrich, published by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and the Rabbinical Assembly.
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