Fulani extremism

Conflicts with Fulani who are an ethnic group called Fulani (also known as Fula) with neighboring groups are due to competition over land and culture. These crises occur in West Africa, primarily in Nigeria, but also in Mali, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic.[1][2] Violence between these groups is carried out by individuals rather than groups. The death count for each attack is small, although the large number of these attacks left a death toll in the thousands.[1]

History

Conflict between farmers and herders

The Fulani are largely nomadic/semi-nomadic and live in the semi-arid climate of West Africa.[3] Due to population growth and desertification, Fulani nomads have to move south towards more fertile lands to graze their herds.[4][5] This created conflicts with the farmers.[3] This resulting violence left a death toll of over 10,000.[4]

This violence is always interpreted in Nigeria through cultural and religious lenses. The Fulani herdsmen are seen by those who don't know them as almost exclusively Muslims, while the farmers in Middle belt are almost all Christians. However the true picture is the herdsmen only care about their animals as the conflict occur even between them and the Hausa farmers. Both sides suffer in what either party terms as ethnic cleansin

Attacks

Nigeria
See also: Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria

Nigeria experienced the most attacks. In 2018, approximately 1,930 Christians died from Fulani attacks there.[6]

These attacks are typically carried out with firearms, although bombs and kidnapping are also used. They mostly target private property followed by government buildings, businesses and religious institutions.[1][7] [8]

Mali

Fulani extremism has had much influence in Mali. In 2012, the Malian government was overthrown by Amadou Sanogo.[9] Although tension between the Christian south and the Muslim north was already present, the coup weakened the country and allowed terrorism to rise.

Several Fulani extremist groups have risen in Mali. The Macina Liberation Front (FLM) formed in 2015, and committed 29 attacks with at least 129 casualties.[10] Another group is the National Alliance for the Protection of Fulani Identity and the Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ). This group carried out one attack in 2016 that killed 17 and injured 35.[11]

Malian Fulani extremist groups target state facilities rather than private property. A majority of the attacks are done with firearms.[10]

Efforts to reduce this conflict were aided by France, Mali's former colonizer, which sent military aid and assistance. The aid was largely to counter the rise in terror. The United States supported France in this effort.[12] The United Nations sent peacekeeping troops to Mali. However, the peacekeeping troops became a target.[13]

Central African Republic

As of April 2019, fourteen attacks had occurred in the Central African Republic. The main target was private property. The weapon of choice is a firearm.[1]

Democratic Republic of Congo

As of April 2019, one attack had occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[1] On March 26, 2016, Fulani extremists attacked a military base in Ngaliema. The attackers injured a soldier but cost them three of their own men.[14]

Cameroon

In February 2020, Fulani extremists carried out the Ngarbuh massacre alongside Cameroonian soldiers.[2]

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References
  1. "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  2. Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area, Human Rights Watch, Feb 25, 2020. Accessed Feb 26, 2020.
  3. Baca, Michael W. (2015-07-16). "Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  4. Ilo, Udo Jude; Jonathan-Ichaver, Ier; Adamolekun, 'Yemi (2019-01-24). "The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of". ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  5. "Land Conflict Has Long Been a Problem in Nigeria. Here's How Climate Change Is Making It Worse". Time. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  6. Premier (2019-02-07). "Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says". Premier. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  7. Amnesty International (2018). Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International.
  8. Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" (PDF). Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security : Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010.
  9. News (2012-03-23). "Mali coup d'etat leader Amadou Sanogo says President Amadou Toumani Toure, other officials 'safe and sound' | National Post". Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  10. "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  11. "National Alliance for the Protection of Peul Identity and Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ)". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  12. "U.S. to keep supporting French military effort in Mali: Pentagon chief". Reuters. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  13. "Terror attacks on the rise in Mali: UN". France 24. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  14. "Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
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