Freedom of Choice (schools)

Freedom of Choice (also free transfer) was the name for a number of plans developed in the US during 1965-70, aimed at the integration of schools in states that had a segregated educational system.

Background

Ten years after the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown II (1955) for school racial integration with "all deliberate speed," many school districts in states with school segregation gave their students the right to choose between white and black schools, independently of their race. In practice, most schools remained segregated, with only a small minority of black students choosing to attend a white school and no white student choosing black schools.[1]

Challenge

In 1968, three cases[2] were argued before the US Supreme Court on the inadequacy of Freedom of Choice plans. The Supreme Court ruled that if Freedom of Choice, by itself, was not sufficient to achieve integration, as it was in the cases argued, other means had to be used, such as zoning, to achieve the goal. The ruling and its consequences raised strong opposition in many school districts in which that kind of plan had been applied. By the early 1970s, none of the plans remained in effect.

gollark: > Earning tons of money through a job that indirectly exploits developing nations and then donating some part of that money to a charity that helps developing nations is probably a net negative for these nations.How do most jobs go around exploiting developing nations? Also, IIRC the figures are something like one life saved per few hundred/thousand $, so I doubt it.
gollark: There seem to be lots of "elites" who are basically *fine*, except you don't hear about them because people only go on about "SOME ELITES DID BAD THINGS".
gollark: > In capitalism, being selfish and ruthless tends to give you more profit and thus economical power. That's why most of the elite are bad, while so many of the poor have good hearts. Though the pressure to survive also ruins and corrupts the poor.Have you never heard of positive-sum stuff? Have you actually *checked* this in any way or are you just pulling in a bunch of stereotypes?
gollark: Newtonian ethics and all.
gollark: It would only practically work if people cared enough to expend significant resources locally to help people far away, and humans don't seem to like that.

References
  1. Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968). Allen, Jody and Daugherity, Brian. “Recovering a ‘Lost’ Story Using Oral History: The United States Supreme Court’s Historic Green v. New Kent County, Virginia, Decision,” Oral History Review, vol. 3, issue 2, 25-45 (June 2006).
  2. Green v. County School Board, Raney v. Board of Education, Monroe v. Board of Commissioners
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