František Kupka

František Kupka (23 September 1871 – 24 June 1957), also known as Frank Kupka or François Kupka,[1] was a Czech painter and graphic artist. He was a pioneer and co-founder of the early phases of the abstract art movement and Orphic Cubism (Orphism).[2] Kupka's abstract works arose from a base of realism, but later evolved into pure abstract art.[3][4]

František Kupka
František Kupka, circa 1928
Born(1871-09-23)23 September 1871
Opočno, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic)
Died24 June 1957(1957-06-24) (aged 85)
Puteaux, France
NationalityCzech
EducationAcademy of Fine Arts in Prague
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
Académie Julian
École des Beaux-Arts
Known forPainting

Biography

Education

František Kupka was born in Opočno (eastern Bohemia) in Austria-Hungary in 1871. From 1889 to 1892, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. At this time, he painted historical and patriotic themes. Kupka enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, where he concentrated on symbolic and allegorical subjects. He was influenced by the painter and social reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1851–1913) and his naturistic life-style. Kupka exhibited at the Kunstverein, Vienna, in 1894. His involvement with theosophy and Eastern philosophy dates from this period. By spring 1894, Kupka had settled in Paris; there he attended the Académie Julian briefly and then studied with Jean-Pierre Laurens at the École des Beaux-Arts.[4][5]

World War I

Kupka served as a volunteer in the First World War, and is mentioned in La Main coupée by Blaise Cendrars. Cendrars describes him as a "proud soldier, calm, placid, strong"... but really too old to be a soldier, being at least 25 years older than the rest. When the regiment set out from Paris for the front in Picardy (they marched all the way on foot) Mme Kupka met the column as they arrived at the La Défense roundabout, near where they lived. She marched with them, carrying her husband's bag and his rifle. She would have marched all the way to the front, but at the end of the first day the colonel had her arrested and sent back to Paris. She later made her way to the front lines to spend time with her husband. Kupka himself left the front due to frostbite in the foot, caused by nights in the trenches waist-deep in freezing water.[6]

Career
Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs (Fugue in Two Colors), oil on canvas, 210 × 200 cm, 1912, Národní Galerie

Kupka worked as an illustrator of books and posters and, during his early years in Paris, became known for his satirical drawings for newspapers and magazines. In 1906, he settled in Puteaux, a suburb of Paris, and that same year exhibited for the first time at the Salon d'Automne. Kupka was deeply impressed by the first Futurist Manifesto, published in 1909 in Le Figaro. Kupka's 1909 painting Piano Keyboard/Lake marked a break in his representational style. His work became increasingly abstract around 1910–11, reflecting his theories of motion, color, and the relationship between music and painting (orphism). In 1911, he attended meetings of the Puteaux Group (Section d'Or). In 1912, he exhibited his Amorpha. Fugue à deux couleurs, at the Salon des Indépendants in the Cubist room, although he did not wish to be identified with any movement. Creation in the Plastic Arts, a book Kupka completed in 1913, was published in Prague in 1923.[7]

The Salon d'Automne of 1912, held in Paris at the Grand Palais from 1 October to 8 November. Kupka's Fugue in Two Colors is exhibited on the left. Other works are shown by Jean Metzinger (Dancer in a Café), Joseph Csaky (Groupe de femmes), Francis Picabia (La Source), Amedeo Modigliani (sculptures) and Henri Le Fauconnier (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears).

In 1931, he was a founding member of Abstraction-Création. In 1936, his work was included in the exhibition Cubism and Abstract Art at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and in an important show with another Czech painter, Alphonse Mucha, at the Jeu de Paume in Paris. A retrospective of his work took place at the Galerie Mánes in Prague in 1946. The same year, Kupka participated in the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, where he continued to exhibit regularly until his death. During the early 1950s, he gained general recognition and had several solo shows in New York.

Between 1919 and 1938 Kupka was financially supported by his good friend, art collector and industrialist Jindřich Waldes who accumulated a substantial collection of his art. Kupka died in 1957 in Puteaux, France.

Work

Kupka had a strong interest in color theory and freeing colors from descriptive associations (which is thought to have possibly influenced other artists like Robert Delaunay).[8] Margit Rowell described his painting The Yellow Scale (c. 1907) as "Kupka's first attempt to come to terms with color theory in which the result is both personal and successful".[9] Although a self-portrait, the subject of the painting was the color yellow.[10] Around 1910 he began developing his own color wheels, adapting a format previously explored by Sir Isaac Newton[8] and Hermann von Helmholtz. This work in turn led Kupka to execute a series of paintings he called "Discs of Newton" (1911–12).[8]

  • Planes by Colors
  • The Colored One
  • Reminiscence of a Cathedral
  • Blue Space

Works in Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice, Italy:

  • Study for Woman Picking Flowers (Femme cueillant des fleurs), ca 1910
  • Study for Amorpha, Warm Chromatics, Chromatique chaude and for Fugue in Two Colors (Fugue a deux couleurs), ca 1911-1912
  • Vertical Planes (Plans verticaux), 1911–1912
  • Study for Organization of Graphic Motifs I (Localisations de mobiles graphiques I), ca 1911-12
  • Around a point (Autour d'un point), ca 1920–1925

Other works include The Cathedral (Katedrála).

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See also

Notes and references
  1. "František Kupka". Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  2. The Museum of Modern Art (1936). Cubism and Abstract Art. The Museum of Modern Art. p. 73.
  3. Benezit Dictionary of Artists
  4. Grove Art Online
  5. 1 painting by or after František Kupka, Art UK: see extended Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists biography, under "artist profile"
  6. collection.britishmuseum.org
  7. museothyssen.org
  8. John Gage (1999). Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. University of California Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-520-22225-0.
  9. Margit Rowell (1975). "František Kupka: A Metaphysics of Abstraction". František Kupka, 1871-1957: A Retrospective. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. p. 68.
  10. "František Kupka". The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Archived from the original on 2013-04-29.
  • Cendrars, Blaise (1989). La Main Coupée. Editions Denoël. ISBN 978-2-07-036619-4.
  • Kupka, František. La Création dans Les Arts Plastiques. Paris, 1923; edited and translated E. Abrams, 1989.
  • Fauchereau, Serge (1989). Kupka. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1047-5.
  • Kupka, František. La Création dans Les Arts Plastiques. Paris, 1923; edited and translated E. Abrams, 1989.
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