Francisella

Francisella is a genus of pathogenic, Gram-negative bacteria. They are small coccobacillary or rod-shaped, nonmotile organisms, which are also facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages.[1] Strict aerobes, Francisella colonies bear a morphological resemblance to those of the genus Brucella.[2]

Francisella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Thiotrichales
Family:
Francisellaceae
Genus:
Francisella

Dorofe'ev 1947
Species

F. tularensis
F. novicida
F. hispaniensis
W. persica
F. noatunensis
F. philomiragia
F. halioticida
F. endociliophora
F. guangzhouensis
F. piscicida

The genus was named in honor of American bacteriologist Edward Francis, who, in 1922, first recognized F. tularensis (then named Bacterium tularensis) as the causative agent of tularemia.[3]

Pathogenesis

The type species, F. tularensis, causes the disease tularemia or rabbit fever.[4] F. novicida and F. philomiragia (previously Yersinia philomiragia) are associated with sepsis and invasive systemic infections.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the genus is somewhat uncertain, especially in the case of F. novicida (may be a subspecies of F. tularensis). In general, identification of species is accomplished by biochemical profiling or 16S rRNA sequencing. An updated phylogeny based on whole genome sequencing has recently been published showing the genus Francisella could be divided into two main genetic clades: one including F. tularensis, F. novicida and F. hispaniensis, and another including F. philomiragia and F. noatunensis.[5]

Laboratory characteristics

Francisella species can survive for several weeks in the environment; paradoxically, they can be difficult to culture and maintain in the laboratory.[6] Growth is slow (though increased by CO2 supplementation) and the organisms are fastidious, with most Francisella strains requiring cystine and cysteine media supplementation for growth. Growth has been successful on several media types, including chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin medium with appropriate additives as noted above. Attempted isolation on MacConkey agar is not reliable or generally successful.[4]

After 24 hours of incubation on appropriate solid media, Francisella colonies are generally small (1 to 2 mm), opaque, and white-gray to bluish-gray in color. Colonies are smooth, with clean edges and, after a 48 hours of growth, tend to have a shiny surface.

gollark: Let's blame the first caveman to set wood on fire.
gollark: The steam engine person.
gollark: I mean, if you're going to be like that, James Watt did.
gollark: > In 1924, unsatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey.[9] However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths.[citation needed]
gollark: Were they *also* him?

References
  1. Allen LA (2003). "Mechanisms of pathogenesis: evasion of killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes". Microbes Infect. 5 (14): 1329–35. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2003.09.011. PMID 14613776.
  2. Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 488–90. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  3. Francis E (1921). "Tularemia. I. The occurrence of tularemia in nature as a disease of man". Public Health Rep (36): 1731–53.
  4. Collins FM (1996). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  5. Sjödin A, Svensson K, Öhrman C, Ahlinder J, Lindgren P, Duodu S, Johansson A, Colquhoun DJ, Larsson P, Forsman M (2012). "Genome characterisation of the genus Francisella reveals insight into similar evolutionary paths in pathogens of mammals and fish". BMC Genomics. 13 (268): 268. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-268. PMC 3485624. PMID 22727144.
  6. Ellis J, Oyston P, Green M, Titball R (2002). "Tularemia". Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 (4): 631–46. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.631-646.2002. PMC 126859. PMID 12364373.
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