Francis Johnston (architect)

Francis Johnston (1760 – 14 March 1829) was an Irish architect, best known for building the General Post Office (GPO) on O'Connell Street, Dublin.

This article is about the Irish architect. For the English architect with a somewhat similar name, see Francis Johnson (architect).
Francis Johnston
Francis Johnston Irish architect
Borncirca 1760
Armagh, Ireland
Died14 March 1829(1829-03-14) (aged 69)
64 Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeSt. George's Church, Dublin, Ireland
OccupationArchitect
Known forArchitect of GPO and Nelson's Pillar in Dublin

Life

Johnston was born in Armagh, Ireland, son of William Johnston, also an architect, and studied architecture. He practised in Armagh, and then lived in Drogheda from 1786 before moving to Dublin about 1793.[1] In 1805 he was appointed to the Board of Works as an architect. In 1824 he was made president of the Royal Hibernian Academy of Arts which had been founded the previous year, and he provided headquarters for the Academy in Lower Abbey Street at his own expense.[2]

Works

Two early projects were the completion of Rokeby Hall and Ballymakenny Church, Co. Louth, to the designs of Thomas Cooley in whose office he first trained.[3] In 1789 he was commissioned by Richard Robinson, 1st Baron Rokeby, and Archbishop of Armagh to design the Armagh Observatory and in 1790 he designed a new club house for Daly's Club on College Green, close to the Irish Houses of Parliament.[4]:39 Townley Hall, 5 km west of Drogheda, built between 1794 and 1798, is considered his finest work.[5] He was responsible for the design of Armagh Courthouse built between 1806 and 1809.[6]

The GPO (left) and Nelson's Pillar in Dublin, ca 1830

At a time of huge rebuilding in Georgian Dublin, Johnston was one of the architects responsible for Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street). The great Pillar and Post Office were designed to harmonise with each other in the street adding grandeur and elegance to the boulevard.

His work is interesting from an architectural point of view, in that it spans both the Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic styles. His Chapel Royal in Dublin Castle (1807–1814) is a fine example of an early Gothic revival church in Dublin. On this project (as on many others) he worked closely with the stuccodore George Stapleton, son of the better-known Michael Stapleton. The chapel proved a seminal building for later Gothic revival architects in Ireland, with the Cork architect Thomas Deane using the detailing from the windows as a model for those of the Aula Maxima of University College Cork, formerly known as Queens College Cork.

Among his other most notable projects were the construction of St. George's Church on the North side of Dublin (1802), overseeing the conversion of Parliament House into the Bank of Ireland (1803–1808)[3] and the construction of the Richmond Tower at the junction of Watling Street and Queen's Bridge in 1812. This gateway had to be moved to the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham after the arrival of the railway in 1847 increased traffic congestion (obviously not new to Dublin!). He had placed his personal coat of arms above the arch, concealed by a piece of wood painted to match the stone, his idea being that his arms would be revealed to future generations after the wood became rotten. However, his little trick was uncovered when the gateway was taken down for removal. The coat of arms at present on the gateway is that of the Royal Hospital.[7]

Ruins of Ballynegall House
East Gate of Slane Castle

The designs of Galtrim House, Co. Meath (c. 1802)[8] and Ballynegall House, Co. Westmeath, built in 1808, are attributed to Johnston.[9][10]

In 1813 he began work on Richmond Gaol as a prison to relieve the pressure on Newgate Prison, Dublin, which had been designed by his teacher Thomas Cooley.[11]

He played a major role in designing Nelson's Pillar in Dublin, the construction of which was started in 1808. The original plans for the Pillar were submitted to the organising committee by William Wilkins, a London architect, Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, and accepted by them in 1808. However, for some reason, the committee wrote later that they were incapable of "executing his design precisely as he had given it." Johnston "afforded the necessary assistance with his acknowledged ability, which...he did with the utmost cheerfulness."[12] He made several drawings, one of which met the approval of the committee sufficiently for construction to start.[13] Curiously, the table of expenditure for the Pillar does not include an architect's fee. The Pillar was destroyed by a bomb in 1966.[14]

St. George's Church, Hardwicke Place, 1833.

He was responsible for the design of Charleville Forest Castle in Tullamore, County Offaly,[3] considered one of the finest of its type in the country.[15] As well as the 1807 design of Ballycurry House, Ballycurry Demesne, Ashford, County Wicklow.[3][16] The design (c. 1810) of Turbotstown House, Coole, County Westmeath has been attributed to Johnston.[17]

He assisted in the design of plans that were later used for St. Andrew's Church, Westland Row, Dublin,[4]:310 and designed the east gates of Slane Castle demesne in County Meath.[3]. In Drogheda, County Louth, he added the Gothic tower and balustrade to Saint Peter's Church of Ireland church in 1793, designed the Corn Exchange (now the Court House) in Fair Street, and designed Saint Peter's Roman Catholic Church in West Street, that was replaced by a Neo-Gothic church in 1881. He was the architect who assisted the 2nd Earl of Longford in turning Tullynally House of County Westmeath into Tullynally Castle, completing these works in 1803. In Swords, County Dublin, he designed the Old Borough School (now a public house) on the main street, completed 1809, and designed Saint Columba's Church of Ireland church, completed 1818.

Johnston designed the Courthouse in Duleek, County Meath. It was built circa 1838 as a sessions house for the Meath Grand Jury, commissioned by John Trotter. It was converted to a library and environmental offices in 1960.

He lived for many years in his house at 64 Eccles Street, where he kept a large collection of curiosities. He died in 1829 and was buried in St. George's churchyard, which was attached to a temporary church on Whitworth Road (later taken over by the Whitworth Hospital).[18][19]

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References
  1. Boylan, Henry (1999). A Dictionary of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2945-4.
  2. de Courcy, J.W. (1996). The Liffey in Dublin. Gill & Macmillan. p. 468. ISBN 0-7171-2423-1.
  3. "Francis Johnston". Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940. Irish Architectural Archive. 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  4. Gilbert, John Thomas (1859). A History of the City of Dublin, vol. 3. Dublin: McGlashan & Gill.
  5. Casey, C. and Rowan, A. 1993 The Buildings of Ireland: North Leinster. London, 51-2, 503–8.
  6. "Armagh Courthouse". Charter Mark Achievers 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  7. Guinness, Desmond; Jacqueline O'Brien (1994). Dublin: A Grand Tour. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 38. ISBN 0-297-8322-47.
  8. "Galtrim House, County Meath". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  9. "Ballynagall House, County Westmeath". National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  10. Kelly, Tom (13 October 2010). "New book on Ireland's 'abandoned mansions'". Westmeath Examiner. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  11. Casey, Christine (2005). The Buildings of Ireland: Dublin. London: Yale University Press. p. 645. ISBN 0-300-10923-7.
  12. Henchy, Patrick (1949). Nelson's Pillar. Dublin Historical Record, Volume X, no. 2. p. 58.
  13. Johnston Robb, Colin (1946). The Irish Builder. Dublin: Irish Builder.
  14. Craig, Maurice (1969). Dublin 1660–1860. Dublin: Allen Figgis. p. 287.
  15. Craig, Maurice; The Knight of Glin (1969). Ireland Observed. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-853-4204-91.
  16. Philip Smith (writer), An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of County Wicklow (Dublin: Wordwell Press / Government of Ireland, Department of the Environment, Heritage, and Local Government, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage, 2004). p.49.
  17. "Turbotstown House, Co. Westmeath". O'Connell Mason, Architects. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  18. Townley Hall history. - page 5
  19. Report (14 December 1961), "St. George's church re-opened", The Irish Times, p. 4
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