Francesco Maria Piave

Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian opera librettist who was born in Murano in the lagoon of Venice, during the brief Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

Francesco Maria Piave

Career

Piave's career spanned over twenty years working with many of the significant composers of his day, including Giovanni Pacini (four librettos), Saverio Mercadante (at least one), Federico Ricci, and even one for Michael Balfe. He is most well known as Giuseppe Verdi's librettist, for whom he was to write 10 librettos, the most well-known being those for Rigoletto and La traviata.

But Piave was not only a librettist: he was a journalist and translator in addition to being the resident poet and stage manager at La Fenice in Venice where he first encountered Verdi. Later, Verdi was helpful in securing him the same position at La Scala in Milan.[1] His expertise as a stage manager and his tact as a negotiator served Verdi very well, but the composer bullied him mercilessly for his pains over many years.

Like Verdi, Piave was an ardent Italian patriot, and in 1848, during Milan's "Cinque Giornate," when Radetzky's Austrian troops retreated from the city, Verdi wrote to Piave in Venice addressing him as "Citizen Piave."

Piave's grave at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan

Together, they worked on ten operas between 1844 and 1862, and Piave would have also prepared the libretto for Aida when Verdi accepted the commission for it in 1870, had he not suffered a stroke which left him paralyzed and unable to speak. Verdi helped to support his wife and daughter, proposing that "an album of pieces by famous composers be compiled and sold for Piave's benefit".[2] The composer paid for his funeral when he died nine years later in Milan aged 65 and arranged for his burial at the Monumental Cemetery.

Piave's librettos for Verdi

From the beginnings of their working relationship in 1844, scholars such as Gabriele Baldini see Verdi's overall influence upon the structure of his work take a big leap forward when he notes:

Working with Piave was Verdi's first opportunity to work with himself. [...] The composer completely dominates and enslaves the librettist, who becomes scarcely more than an instrument in his hands...[Piave's] libretti are in fact those best suited to Verdi's music [....] simply because, in detail as well as in general shape, Verdi himself composed them.[1]

This statement suggests that, almost for the first time, the composer was going to be the one who determined "that drama essentially consisted of the arrangement of pieces and the clarity of the musical forms..[so that]..he began to become aware of the structure and architecture of musical composition, something which was not even clearly hinted at during the period with Solera.[1] The composer began to control the overall dramatic arc of the drama and no longer would he "suffer under"[1] such librettists as Temistocle Solera, who wrote the libretti for five Verdi operas beginning with Oberto and up to Attila in 1846.

Caricature of Piave as "a theatrical jack-of-all-trades", after 1861

An example of the pressure which Verdi exerted on Piave was in the struggle to have the Venetian censors approve Rigoletto: "Turn Venice upside down to make the censors permit this subject"[3] he demanded, following that up with the admonition not to allow the matter to drag on: "If I were the poet I would be very, very concerned, all the more because you would be greatly responsible if by chance (may the Devil not make it happen) they should not allow this drama [to be staged]"[4]

Nonetheless, another Verdi scholar notes that "Verdi always harried him unmercifully, often having his work revised by others [as in the case of Simon Boccanegra] [but] Piave rewarded him with doglike devotion, and the two remained on terms of sincere friendship."[5] Piave became "someone Verdi loved".[6]

In following Salvadore Cammarano as Verdi's main mid-career librettist, Piave firstly wrote Ernani in 1844, and then I due Foscari (1844), Attila (1846), Macbeth (the 1847 first version), Il Corsaro (1848), Stiffelio (1850), Rigoletto (1851), La traviata (1853), Simon Boccanegra (the 1857 first version), Aroldo (1857), La forza del destino (the 1862 first version), and Macbeth (the 1865 second version).

Librettos by Piave
YearTitle[7]Composer
1842Il duca d'AlbaGiovanni Pacini
(Libretto also used by Giovanni Peruzzini)
1844ErnaniGiuseppe Verdi
1844I due FoscariGiuseppe Verdi
1845Lorenzino de' MediciGiovanni Pacini
1846AttilaGiuseppe Verdi
1846Estella di MurciaFederico Ricci
1847GriseldaFederico Ricci
1847Macbeth (first version)Giuseppe Verdi
1847Tutti amantiCarlo Romani
1848Allan CameronGiovanni Pacini
1848Giovanna di FiandraCarlo Boniforti
1848Il corsaroGiuseppe Verdi
1848La Schiava SaracenaSaverio Mercadante
1850Crispino e la comareLuigi Ricci and Federico Ricci
1850Elisabetta di ValoisAntonio Buzzolla
1850StiffelioGiuseppe Verdi
1851La Sposa di MurçiaAndrea Casalini
1851RigolettoGiuseppe Verdi
1853BaschinaFederico Guglielmo De Liguoro
1853La donna delle isoleGiovanni Pacini
1853La prigionieraCarlo Ercole Bosoni
1853La traviataGiuseppe Verdi
1854Margherita di BorgognaFrancesco Petrocini
1854Pittore e DucaMichael William Balfe
1856I FidanzatiAchille Peri
1857Simon Boccanegra (first version)Giuseppe Verdi
1857Aroldo (revision of Stiffelio)Giuseppe Verdi
1857Vittore PisaniAchille Peri
1859Margherita la mendicanteGaetano Braga
1860La BiscaglinaSamuele Levi
1861Guglielmo ShakspeareTomaso Benvenuti
1862La forza del destino (first version)Giuseppe Verdi
1862MormileGaetano Braga
1862RienziAchille Peri
1865La Duchessa di GuisaPaolo Serrao
1865Macbeth (second version)Giuseppe Verdi
1865RebeccaBartolomeo Pisani
1867Berta di VarnolGiovanni Pacini
1867Don Diego de MendozaGiovanni Pacini
1868La tombolaAntonio Cagnoni
1872OlemaCarlo Pedrotti

Filmography
gollark: YOUR CODE IS (SOME OFFENSE) HORRIFIC
gollark: IT USES 70% CPU WITH 50 PLAYERSTHAT IS NOT REASONABLE
gollark: <@332271551481118732> I am NOT adding more, it is too BROKEn and SOMETTHInG.
gollark: I should utilize my electric fan.
gollark: wrongit is an average temperature

References

Notes

  1. Baldini 1970, pp. 70 - 74
  2. Werfel and Stefan 1973, p. 262, referring to a letter of 1 August 1869 from Verdi to publisher Léon Escudier requesting him to furnish his own contribution to the album
  3. Verdi to Piave, 6 May 1850, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 265
  4. Verdi to Piave, 29 November 1850, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 270
  5. Black 1998, p. 999
  6. Phiilips-Matz 1993, p. 644
  7. List of operas for which Piave wrote the libretto taken from opera.stanford.edu Retrieved 9 September 2013

Sources

  • Baldini, Gabriele (1970), (trans. Roger Parker, 1980), The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera. Cambridge, et al: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29712-5
  • Black, John (1998), "Piave, Francesco Maria" in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Three, pp. 999. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5
  • Budden, Julian (1996), Verdi. New York: Schirmer Books (Master Musicians Series). ISBN 0028646169 ISBN 9780028646169
  • Kimball, David (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
  • O'Grady, Deidre (2000), Piave, Boito, Pirandello: From Romantic Realism to Modernism (Studies in Italian Literature). Edwin Mellon Press. ISBN 978-0-7734-7703-2 ISBN 0-7734-7703-9
  • Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993), Verdi: A Biography, London & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4
  • Werfel, Franz and Stefan, Paul (1973), Verdi: The Man and His Letters, New York: Vienna House. ISBN 0-8443-0088-8
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.