Forest of Dartmoor

The Forest of Dartmoor is an ancient royal forest covering part of Dartmoor, Devon, England.

Nun's Cross, one of the boundary markers of the Forest

A royal forest was an area reserved by the king for hunting, and William the Conqueror introduced the concept of forest law in England in the 11th century.[1] Until 1204 the whole of Devon was a royal forest, but in that year King John agreed (subject to the payment by the county's commonality of a "fine" of 5,000 marks) to disafforest all of Devon "up to the metes of the ancient regardes of Dertemore and Exmore, as these regardes were in the time of King Henry the First". In other words, all of Devon except for Dartmoor and Exmoor was freed from forest law.[2]

This disafforestation was confirmed by King Henry III in 1217,[3] and in 1239 he granted the Forest of Dartmoor (and the Manor of Lydford) to his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. From that date it technically became a chase, not a forest, though the name did not change.[4] The next year, in a writ dated 13 June 1240, the king directed the Sheriff of Devon and twelve knights of the county to perambulate the Forest to record its exact bounds. This was because Richard had been in dispute with four knights who owned land adjoining the forest. The perambulation (known ever since as "the 1240 Perambulation") took place on 24 July 1240.[3] It was around this time that the first of the Ancient Tenements, such as Babeny, were founded within the Forest.[5]

Richard's son, Edmund inherited the forest, but when he died in 1300 with no heir, the forest reverted to The Crown. King Edward II granted it to his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1308; on Gaveston's beheading in 1312, it reverted to The Crown again.[6] Then in 1337 King Edward III granted the forest to Edward, the Black Prince, at the same time as he created him the first Duke of Cornwall,[3] and today, the forest still belongs to the Duchy of Cornwall.[1] A walk that follows the forest bounds as far as possible was set up in 1982.[7]

The "Perambulations"

Although the original document detailing the route of the 1240 Perambulation has been lost, a number of near-contemporary copies still exist, differing only in spelling.[3] A modern transcription of the places mentioned is as follows:[7][8]

Original text of 1240 (alternative spellings in brackets) Modern placename Notes
…ad hogam de Cossdonne Cosdon A prominent hill on the northern edge of Dartmoor
et inde linealiter usque ad parvam hogam que vocatur parva Hundetorre, Hound Tor
et inde linealiter usque ad Thurlestone, Watern Tor
et inde linealiter usque ad Wotesbrokelakesfote que cadit in Tyng, Hew Lake Foot
et inde linealiter usque ad Heigheston (Hengheston) The Longstone on Shovel Down A Bronze Age standing stone
et inde linealiter usque ad Langestone (Yessetone) The Heath Stone
et inde linealiter usque per mediam turbariam de Alberysheved (Aberesheved) The marsh at the head of the Metheral Brook
et sic in longum Wallebroke Acknowledged to be a scribe's error[9]
et inde linealiter usque ad Furnum regis King's Oven
et inde linealiter usque ad Wallebrokeshede The head of the Walla Brook
et sic in longum Wallebroke usque cadit in Dertam, Along the Walla Brook to its confluence with the East Dart River
et sic per Dertam usque ad aliam Dertam, Dartmeet
et sic per aliam Dertam ascendendo usque Okebrokysfote, Up the West Dart River to the foot of the O Brook
et sic ascendendo Okebroke usque ad la Dryeworke, Up the O Brook to Dry Lake A tinner's gulley
et ita ascendendo usque ad la Dryfeld ford, The Sandy Way
et sic inde linealiter usque ad Battyshull (Cattyshill, Gnattishull) Ryder's Hill
et inde linealiter usque ad caput de Wester Wellabroke The head of the Weston Wella Brook
et sic per Wester Wellabroke usque cadit in Avenam, Down the Weston Wella Brook to its confluence with the River Avon
et inde linealiter usque ad Ester Whyteburghe Eastern Whittabarrow A large cairn
et inde linealiter usque ad la Redelake (Rodelake) que cadit in Erme The confluence of Red Lake and the River Erme
et inde linealiter usque ad Grymsgrove The head of the River Erme
et inde linealiter usque ad Elysburghe Eylesbarrow
et sic linealiter usque at crucem Sywardi Nun's Cross
et inde usque ad Ysfother South Hessary Tor
et sic per aliam Ysfother North Hessary Tor
et inde per mediam Mystor (Mistmore) Great Mis Tor
usque ad Mewyburghe White Barrow
et inde usque ad Lullingesfote (Hullingssete) Limsboro Cairn
et inde usque ad Rakernesbrokysfote, The confluence of the Rattle Brook and the River Tavy
et sic ad caput ejusdem aque Up the Rattle Brook to its head
et deinde usque ad la Westsolle Stenga Tor
et inde linealiter usque ad Ernestorre High Willhays[10] Some sources say this is Yes Tor
et inde linealiter usque at vadum proximum in orientali parte capelle Sancti Michaelis de Halgestoke Halstock Chapel
et inde linealiter usque ad predictum hogam de Cossdonne in orientali parte Return to Cosdon

There was another perambulation of the forest bounds in 1608 which introduced a number of changes and added boundary points between the existing ones.[11] The exact boundaries continued to be unclear or disputed until the later 19th century.[12]

gollark: Or any time, really.
gollark: There would be no photon torpedoes at this time.
gollark: ```Cold Ones (also ice giants, the Finality, Lords of the Last Waste)Mythological beings who dwell at the end of time, during the final blackness of the universe, the last surviving remnants of the war of all-against-all over the universe’s final stocks of extropy, long after the passing of baryonic matter and the death throes of the most ancient black holes. Savage, autocannibalistic beings, stretching their remaining existence across aeons-long slowthoughts powered by the rare quantum fluctuations of the nothingness, these wretched dead gods know nothing but despair, hunger, and envy for those past entities which dwelled in eras rich in energy differentials, information, and ordered states, and would – if they could – feast on any unwary enough to fall into their clutches.Stories of the Cold Ones are, of course, not to be interpreted literally: they are a philosophical and theological metaphor for the pessimal end-state of the universe, to wit, the final triumph of entropy in both a physical and a spiritual sense. Nonetheless, this metaphor has been adopted by both the Flamic church and the archai themselves to describe the potential future which it is their intention to avert.The Cold Ones have also found a place in popular culture, depicted as supreme villains: perhaps best seen in the Ghosts of the Dark Spiral expansion for Mythic Stars, a virtuality game from Nebula 12 ArGaming, ICC, and the Void Cascading InVid series, produced by Dexlyn Vithinios (Sundogs of Delphys, ICC).```
gollark: And it's all just horribly dense spaghetti code.
gollark: There are no docs or comments anywhere. It's ridiculous.

References

  1. Sandles, Tim. "The Legendary Forest of Dartmoor". Legendary Dartmoor. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  2. Brewer 2002, p.15
  3. Brewer 2002, p.16
  4. Somers Cocks 1970, p.94
  5. Somers Cocks 1970, p.96–98
  6. Milton 2006, p.8
  7. Sandles, Tim. "The Dartmoor Perambulations". Legendary Dartmoor. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  8. Brewer 2002, pp.20–41
  9. Brewer 2002, p.26
  10. Brewer 2002, p.39
  11. Brewer 2002, p.18
  12. Brewer 2002, map on p.21

Sources

  • Brewer, Dave (2002). Dartmoor Boundary Markers. Tiverton, Devon: Halsgrove. ISBN 1-84114-172-0.
  • Milton, Patricia (2006). The Discovery of Dartmoor, a Wild and Wondrous Region. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 1-86077-401-6.
  • Somers Cocks, John (1970). "Saxon and Early Medieval Times". In Crispin Gill (ed.). Dartmoor. A New Study. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5041-2.
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