Forces de haute mer

The Forces de haute mer (High Sea Force) was an organization of the Marine Nationale (French Navy) formed from the Mediterranean Fleet shortly before the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. It was reformed after the French signed armistices with Germany and with Italy after losing the Battle of France in June 1940. The rump of France not occupied by Germany and Italy became known as Vichy France and the victors agreed to allow it to use the navy's surviving ships subject to strict limitations.

History

It was founded at Toulon on 25 September 1940 by agreement with the Italian and German Armistice Commissions. The Germans and Italians imposed strict limits on the number of Vichy ships that were allowed to be in commission and training. All other ships, with the exception of those based overseas or assigned to local defense, were required to be placed in reserve (en gardiennage d'armistice). Fuel shortages generally limited the FHM to one major training sortie per month. Ships would generally rotate in and out of reserve to receive refits or modernizations.[1]

Admiral Jean de Laborde came out of retirement to lead the FHM.[1]

Order of battle, 25 September 1940

On formation, the unit consisted of:[2]

Order of battle, 1 November 1942

Shortly before the German occupation of Vichy France, the unit consisted of:[3]

Notes
  1. Jordan & Caresse, p. 236
  2. Jordan & Dumas, p. 90
  3. Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 136
gollark: It is possible to make GIFs with better colours via methods.
gollark: - things are, on average, generally improving- any economic system which operates at scale, i.e. any able to maintain our modern standard of living, has to wrestle with this complexity too- none of this implies that supply and demand "is made up"
gollark: I don't think this is actually true though. Prices of technology in terms of hours of work have gone down a lot, and the power of it has gone up.
gollark: Presumably because making complex and bureaucracy-driven institutions actually work sanely is an unsolved problem.
gollark: Lack of coherent response interpreted as communism.

References
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). "Toulon: The Self-Destruction and Salvage of the French Fleet". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2013. London: Conway. pp. 134–48. ISBN 978-1-84486-205-4.
  • John, Jordan & Dumas, Robert (2009). French Battleships 1922–1956. Barnsley: Seaforth Punblishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-034-5.
  • Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2015). French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-198-4.
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