Feature model

In software development, a feature model is a compact representation of all the products of the Software Product Line (SPL) in terms of "features". Feature models are visually represented by means of feature diagrams. Feature models are widely used during the whole product line development process and are commonly used as input to produce other assets such as documents, architecture definition, or pieces of code.

This article is about feature models in software development. For feature models in semantic memory, see Semantic memory § Feature models.

A SPL is a family of related programs. When the units of program construction are features—increments in program functionality or development—every program in an SPL is identified by a unique and legal combination of features, and vice versa.

Feature models were first introduced in the Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) method by Kang in 1990.[1] Since then, feature modeling has been widely adopted by the software product line community and a number of extensions have been proposed.

Background

A "feature" is defined as a "prominent or distinctive user-visible aspect, quality, or characteristic of a software system or system".[1] The focus of SPL development is on the systematic and efficient creation of similar programs. FODA is an analysis devoted to identification of features in a domain to be covered by a particular SPL.[1]

Model

A feature model is a model that defines features and their dependencies, typically in the form of a feature diagram + left-over (a.k.a. cross-tree) constraints. But also it could be as a table of possible combinations.

Diagram

A feature diagram is a visual notation of a feature model, which is basically an and-or tree. Other extensions exist: cardinalities, feature cloning, feature attributes, discussed below.

Configuration

A feature configuration is a set of features which describes a member of an SPL: the member contains a feature if and only if the feature is in its configuration. A feature configuration is permitted by a feature model if and only if it does not violate constraints imposed by the model.

Feature Tree

A Feature Tree (sometimes also known as a Feature Model or Feature Diagram) is a hierarchical diagram that visually depicts the features of a solution in groups of increasing levels of detail. Feature Trees are great ways to summarize the features that will be included in a solution and how they are related in a simple visual manner. [2]

Feature modeling notations

Current feature modeling notations may be divided into three main groups, namely:

• Basic feature models
• Cardinality-based feature models
• Extended feature models

Basic feature models

Relationships between a parent feature and its child features (or subfeatures) are categorized as:

• Mandatory – child feature is required.
• Optional – child feature is optional.
• Or – at least one of the sub-features must be selected.
• Alternative (xor) – one of the sub-features must be selected

In addition to the parental relationships between features, cross-tree constraints are allowed. The most common are:

• A requires B – The selection of A in a product implies the selection of B.
• A excludes B – A and B cannot be part of the same product.

As an example, the figure below illustrates how feature models can be used to specify and build configurable on-line shopping systems. The software of each application is determined by the features that it provides. The root feature (i.e. E-Shop) identifies the SPL. Every shopping system implements a catalogue, payment modules, security policies and optionally a search tool. E-shops must implement a high or standard security policy (choose one), and can provide different payment modules: bank transfer, credit card or both of them. Additionally, a cross-tree constraint forces shopping systems including the credit card payment module to implement a high security policy.

A feature diagram representing a configurable e-shop system.

Cardinality-based feature models

Some authors propose extending basic feature models with UML-like multiplicities of the form [n,m] with n being the lower bound and m the upper bound. These are used to limit the number of sub-features that can be part of a product whenever the parent is selected.[3]

If the upper bound is m the feature can be cloned as many times as we want (as long as the other constraints are respected). This notation is useful for products extensible with an arbitrary number of components.

Extended feature models

Others suggest adding extra-functional information to the features using "attributes". These are mainly composed of a name, a domain, and a value.[4]

Semantics

The semantics of a feature model is the set of feature configurations that the feature model permits. The most common approach is to use mathematical logic to capture the semantics of a feature diagram.[5] Each feature corresponds to a boolean variable and the semantics is captured as a propositional formula. The satisfying valuations of this formula correspond to the feature configurations permitted by the feature diagram. For instance, if ${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ is a mandatory sub-feature of ${\displaystyle f_{2}}$, the formula will contain the constraint ${\displaystyle f_{1}\Leftrightarrow f_{2}}$.[6]

The following table provides a translation of the basic primitives. The semantics of a diagram is a conjunct of the translations of the elements contained in the diagram. We assume that the diagram is a rooted tree.

Feature Diagram Primitive	Semantics
${\displaystyle r}$ is the root feature	${\displaystyle r}$
${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ optional sub-feature of ${\displaystyle f}$	${\displaystyle f_{1}\Rightarrow f}$
${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ mandatory sub-feature of ${\displaystyle f}$	${\displaystyle f_{1}\Leftrightarrow f}$
${\displaystyle f_{1},\dots ,f_{n}}$ alternative sub-features of ${\displaystyle f}$	${\displaystyle \left(f_{1}\lor \dots \lor f_{n}\Leftrightarrow f\right)\land \bigwedge _{i<j}\lnot (f_{i}\land f_{j})}$
${\displaystyle f_{1},\dots ,f_{n}}$ or sub-features of ${\displaystyle f}$	${\displaystyle f_{1}\lor \dots \lor f_{n}\Leftrightarrow f}$
${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ excludes ${\displaystyle f_{2}}$	${\displaystyle \lnot (f_{1}\land f_{2})}$
${\displaystyle f_{1}}$ requires ${\displaystyle f_{2}}$	${\displaystyle f_{1}\Rightarrow f_{2}}$

Configuring products

A product of the SPL is declaratively specified by selecting or deselecting features according to user's preferences. Such decisions must respect the constraints imposed by the feature model. A "configurator" is a tool that assists the user during a configuration process. For instance by automatically selecting or deselecting features that must or must not, respectively, be selected for the configuration to be completed successfully. Current approaches use unit propagation[7] and CSP solvers.[4]

Properties and analyses

An analysis of a feature model targets certain properties of the model which are important for marketing strategies or technical decisions. A number of analyses are identified in the literature.[8][9] Typical analyses determine whether a feature model is void (represents no products), whether it contains dead features (features that cannot be part of any product), or the number of products of the software product line represented by the model. Other analyses focus on comparing several feature models (e.g. to check whether a model is a specialization or refactoring or generalization of another).[10]

See also

• Domain analysis
• Domain engineering
• Feature-oriented Programming - a paradigm for software product line synthesis
• Product Family Engineering
• Software Product Lines

References

1. Kang, K.C. and Cohen, S.G. and Hess, J.A. and Novak, W.E. and Peterson, A.S., "Feature-oriented domain analysis (FODA) feasibility study", Technical Report CMU/SEI-90-TR-021, SEI, Carnegie Mellon University, November 1990 download
2. "Feature Tree | BAwiki".
3. Czarnecki, K. and Helsen, S. and Eisenecker, U., "Staged configuration using feature models", Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Software Product Lines (SPLC '04), volume 3154 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, August 2004. download.
4. D. Benavides, P. Trinidad and A. Ruiz-Cortés. "Automated Reasoning on Feature Models". 17th Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE'05). Porto, Portugal. 2005 download
5. Schobbens, P.-Y.; Heymans, P.; Trigaux, J.-C., "Feature Diagrams: A Survey and a Formal Semantics," Requirements Engineering, 14th IEEE International Conference , vol., no., pp.139-148, 11-15 Sept. 2006 download
6. Amador Durán, David Benavides, Sergio Segura, Pablo Trinidad and Antonio Ruiz-Cortés "FLAME: a Formal Framework for the Automated Analysis of Software Product Lines Validated by Automated Specification Testing". Software and System Modeling. 2015. download
7. Batory, D., "Feature Models, Grammars, and Propositional Formulas", Proceedings of the 9th International Software Product Line Conference (SPLC '05) download
8. D. Benavides, A.Ruiz-Cortés, P. Trinidad and S. Segura. "A Survey on the Automated Analyses of Feature Models" . Jornadas de Ingeniería del Software y Bases de Datos (JISBD'06). Sitges, Spain. 2006
9. Benavides, David; Segura, Sergio; Ruiz Cortés, Antonio (2010). "Automated Analysis of Feature Models 20 Years Later: A Literature Review". Information Systems. 35 (6): 615–636. doi:10.1016/j.is.2010.01.001. hdl:11441/24694.
10. T. Thuem, D. Batory, and C. Kaestner. "Reasoning about Edits to Feature Models". International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), May 2009.

External links

• Feature Model Repository Wiki
• Software Product Line Engineering with Feature Models