Fatal Accidents Act 1846

The Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c.93), commonly known as Lord Campbell's Act, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, that, for the first time in England and Wales, allowed relatives of people killed by the wrongdoing of others to recover damages.

Fatal Accidents Act
Act of Parliament
Long titleAn Act to provide compensation to families for loss occasioned by the death of a person caused by actionable wrong
Citation9 & 10 Vict. c.93
Territorial extentEngland and Wales
Dates
Commencement1 August 1846 (1846-08-01)
Repealed1 September 1976 (1976-09-01)
Other legislation
Repealed byFatal Accidents Act 1976
Relates toDeodands Act 1846
Status: Repealed

Background

Under the common law of England and Wales, the death of a person causes solely emotional and pure economic loss to their relatives. In general, damages cannot be recovered for either type of damage, only for physical damage to the claimant or their property. This was the rule declared by the court in Baker v. Bolton (1808).[1][2][3] Scottish law was different in that the court could grant a solatium in acknowledgment of the family's grief.[4][5]

Thus, if a person was injured through a tort, the wrongdoer would be liable for causing injury. If the person were killed, there would be no liability. Perversely, the wrongdoer had a financial interest in killing, rather than injuring, a victim.

However, during the 1830s the rapid development of the railways led to increasing public hostility to the epidemic of railway deaths and the indifferent attitudes of the railway companies. As a result, inquest juries started to revive the ancient remedy of deodands as a way of penalizing the railways. The railway accident at Sonning Cutting (1841) was particularly notorious.[6] This alerted legislators, in particular Lord Campbell and the Select committee on Railway Labourers (1846).[7] In the face of railway opposition, Campbell introduced a bill in 1845, along with a bill to abolish deodands. The latter proposal, which became law as the Deodands Act 1846, to some extent mitigated railway hostility.[6]

The Act

The Act came into effect in August 1846 and gave personal representatives the right to bring a legal action for damages where the deceased person had such a right at the time of their death. Compensation was restricted to the husband, parent, or child of the deceased[7] and was for "such damages ... proportioned to the injury resulting from such death."[6] The wording left the question of how damages were to be assessed. In Franklin v. South Eastern Railway (1858),[8] Baron Pollock held that the Act did not grant a Scottish-style solatium but solely damages for economic loss.

Repeal

The Act was variously amended and finally repealed by Sch.2 of the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 which, as of 2007, governs fatal accident compensation and is based on similar principles. Limited compensation for a family's grief was finally granted by the Administration of Justice Act 1982, s.3.

International inspirations

Similar legislation has since been brought into force throughout the English-speaking world. For example, part 3 of the Wrongs Act 1958 of Victoria, Australia is often referred to as a Lord Campbell's Act.

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See also

References
  1. [1808] EWHC KB J92; (1808) 1 Camp 493; 170 ER 1033
  2. See also, Clark v. London General Omnibus Co. Ltd [1906] 2 KB 648.
  3. Holdsworth (1916).
  4. Lunney & Oliphant (2003) p. 860.
  5. See now Damages (Scotland) Act 1976, s.1(4).
  6. Kostal (1994) pp. 289-290.
  7. Cornish & Clarke (1989) pp. 503-504.
  8. Franklin v. South Eastern Railway (1858) 3 H&N 211; 157 ER 448

Bibliography
  • Cornish, W.; Clarke, G. (1989). Law and Society in England 1750-1950. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 0-421-31150-9.
  • Holdsworth, W. S. (1916). "The origin of the rule in Baker v. Bolton". Law Quarterly Review. 32: 431.
  • Kostal, R. W. (1994). Law and English Railway Capitalism, 1825–1875. ISBN 0-19-825671-X.
  • Lunney, M.; Oliphant, K. (2003). Tort Law: Text and Materials (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 851–868. ISBN 0-19-926055-9.
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