Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia

The Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia (British company name: Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway or FCAB for short) is a private railway operating in the northern provinces of Chile. It is notable in that it was one of the earliest railways built to 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge, with a route that climbed from sea level to over 4,500 m (14,764 ft), while handling goods traffic totaling near 2 million tons per annum. It proved that a railway with such a narrow gauge could do the work of a standard gauge railway, and influenced the construction of other railways such as the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas. It was later converted to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge, and still operates today.

"FCAB" redirects here. For the antibodies, see Fcab.

Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia
Overview
LocaleChile/Bolivia
Operation
Opened1873
Technical
Line length1,537 km (955 mi)
Number of tracksSingle track with passing loops
Track gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge
Old gauge2 ft 6 in (762 mm)
Highest elevation4,815 m (15,797 ft)
Route map
Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia Route Diagram
 0 Antofagasta
 3 m
 4.14 Playa Blanca
 62 m
 13.90 Sargento Aldea
 296 m
 20.20 La Negra
 405 m
 29.39 Portezuelo
 553 m
 35.48 O' Higgins
 550 m
 37.00 Uribe
 583 m
 58.61 Prat
 700 m
 70.00 Latorre
 783 m
 82.94 Cuevitas
 893 m
 95.95 Baquedano
 1010 m
 108.74 Cerrillos
 1164 m
 116.45 El Buitre
 1234 m
 120.12 Santa Rosa
 1266 m
 121.85 Carmen Alto
 1287 m
 127.92 Salinas
 1341 m
 132.08 Peineta
 1353 m
 136.13 Central
 1368 m
 143.31 Unión
 1411 m
 148.00 Placilla
 1431 m
 153.41 Solitario
 1470 m
 161.48 La Noria
 1540 m
 165.33 Rebosadero
 1606 m
 170.38 Sierra Gorda
 1623 m
 178.87 Cochrane
 1710 m
 204.87 Cerritos Bayos
 2142 m
 238.24 Calama
 2265 m
 252.87 San Salvador
 2467 m
 269.28 Cere
 2641 m
 299.22 Conchi
 3015 m
Loa Viaduct, 103 m high, in use till 1914
312.24 San Pedro
 3223 m
 339.68 Polapi
 3372 m
 366.00 Ascotán
Highest point
 3956 m
 387.26 Cebollar
 3729 m
 402.44 Carcote
 3802 m
 411.88 San Martin
 3688 m
 440.00 Ollagüe
 3696 m
Border Chile / Bolivia
 469.86 Chiguana
 3678 m
 515.80 Julaca
 3658 m
 545.62 Río Grande
 3658 m
 610.36 Uyuni
 3659 m
 659.36 Chita
 3745 m
 760.88 Sevaruyo
 3745 m
 813.26 Challapata
 3706 m
 876.31 Poopó
 3709 m
 924.15 Oruro
 3694 m
 980.00 Eucaliptus
 3724 m
 1040.00 Patacamaya
 3785 m
 1100.00 Ingavi
 3869 m
 1120.00 Viacha
 3851 m
 1152.00 La Paz
 3689 m

Section with background color was built from
the beginning with 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge.

Route

The railway started at the Chilean port of Antofagasta. It proceeded up the front range of the Andes to Ollagüe on the Bolivian border, then across the Bolivian pampas to Uyuni and Oruro. At Oruro, the gauge changed to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge for the remainder of the route to La Paz, the capital of Bolivia. A number of branches were added to reach various mining fields. The Collahuasi branch reached 4,815 m (15,797 ft) above sea level, regarded at the time of construction as the highest railway in the world. The total length of the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge lines, including branches and subsidiaries, was 1,537 km (955 mi).

History

The history of the railway dates back to 1872 with the grant of a concession by the government of Bolivia to Melbourne Clarke & Co, the territory around Antofagasta being part of Bolivia at this date. The railway was organised as the Antofagasta Nitrate & Railway Company. Construction started in 1873, with the first section opening late in that year, motive power provided by mules. Steam locomotives were introduced in 1876, and by 1879 the railway had extended about 150 km (93.2 mi) into the interior.

War broke out in 1879 between Chile on one side, and Peru and Bolivia on the other. One of the causes of the war was an attempt by the Bolivian government to levy back taxes on the railway. The "War of the Pacific" ended in 1883, and Chile gained the region around Antofagasta as well as part of Peru.

Control of the railway passed to the Company Huanchaca of Bolivia in 1887, who subsequently floated the railway on the London stock exchange in 1888 as the FCAB. The Huanchilaca company retained the right to operate the railway for a further 15 years. The line reached Oruro in Bolivia, the end of the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) section, in 1892, and branches continued to be added over subsequent years.

British business interests resumed control of the entire system in 1903. Traffic reached a point where the port of Antofagasta was unable to cope. A new port was opened to the north at Mejillones in 1906, together with a new line bypassing Antofagasta. In 1909 the FCAB purchased the FC Caleta Coloso a Aguas Blancas, a railway operating in the mineral-rich desert regions south of Antofagasta. Although also of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge, the FCCCAB was never integrated into the FCAB, and always operated as a separate entity.

The entire region is a desert, with almost no rainfall. The company constructed a system of pipes and reservoirs to bring water for the railway from the high Andes, eventually becoming responsible for supplying Antofagasta with water as well.

Bolivian government interests supported the construction of a railway between Oruro and the Bolivian capital, La Paz, and this line was opened in stages between 1908 and 1913 This line was constructed to metre gauge, and was leased to the FCAB. The FCAB now had two operating divisions, one using 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge, the other 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge.

Bogie exchange

The FCAB already interchanged with metre gauge railways running north-south in western Chile, and there was the prospect of connections with lines from Argentina. Thus, in 1913, the FCAB board made a decision to convert the line to metre gauge throughout. Some gauge conversion work was done in 1916, however World War I intervened, and most work was not done until 1928. In the meantime, the railway became proficient in changing bogies on freight cars between gauges at interchange points. Some branch lines and connecting railways were never converted, and continued to operate as 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge railways into the 1960s.

The Bolivian section of the line was taken over by the Bolivian government in 1964, and in the early 1970s, the Chilean government investigated nationalizing the line.[1] In 1982, control of the company passed on to Chilean interests, and the head office moved from London to Antofagasta. The railway is now a division of Antofagasta plc, which also has mining interests.

Traffic
FCAB crossing the Carcote salt flat

Primary traffic on the railway has always been mineral, with nitrate (an essential ingredient of explosives prior to World War I) and copper being very important. Bridge traffic between Bolivia and northern Chile grew in importance and continues to this day.

Passengers were catered for in earlier days by a luxury train with sleeping and dining carriages, one of the few trains on 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge anywhere in the world with these conveniences. The International, as the train was called, continued to operate on the metre gauge after gauge conversion. The train was later replaced by railcars, however no passenger service is provided today except south of Oruro with the Wari Wari del Sur running several times a week and serving several stations en route.

Locomotives

Steam
Clyde GL26C no. 1452, EMD GR12U no. 1412 and Clyde G26C-2 no. 2001 climbing Cumbre pass
EMD GR12 2402, EMD/Clyde GL26C-2 2010 and EMD/Clyde GL26C-2 2005 crossing the Salar de Ascotán, with Cerro del Azufre in the background

The railway commenced operations with a small fleet of 4-6-0 locomotives, built by Robert Stephenson & Co. In 1884 the same company supplied an unusual Webb compound locomotive, with a 4-2-4-2T wheel arrangement. Two high-pressure cylinders drove the two coupled axles, while a single low-pressure cylinder drove the single axle.

The takeover by the Huanchaca company saw the first of a fleet of 2-6-0 locomotives built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works arrive in 1889. The relationship quickly developed, and Baldwin supplied an outside-framed 2-4-2 in 1890. This was the first outside-framed loco on the FCAB, and the first application of outside frames to a narrow gauge locomotive by Baldwin. The use of outside frames allowed construction of larger locomotives, and by 1892 Baldwin were supplying large 2-8-0 locomotives.

As the railway laid heavier rails, larger locomotives were introduced, built by both Baldwin and other American builders. The resumption of control by British interests lead to the introduction of some British constructed locomotives. Initial response was that the British locomotives were not as rugged or easy to repair as the American locomotives. However subsequent tests found British locomotives steamed better, resulting in savings in fuel costs that outweighed the extra maintenance costs.

No 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge locomotives were constructed after the 1913 decision to convert to metre gauge. However the locomotives the FCAB were certainly amongst the largest constructed for 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge. A 2-6+6-2T Kitson Meyer constructed in 1912 was perhaps the heaviest locomotive ever constructed for this gauge.

Development of metre gauge locomotives paralleled that of the 2 ft 6 in gauge, including a fleet of 6 Meyer types built by Beyer Peacock in 1913. Many of the 2 ft 6 in gauge locos were converted to metre gauge in 1928. A class of 4-8-2+2-8-4 Beyer Garratts was also introduced in 1928. Post war developments included a fleet of modern 4-8-2 locomotives from Vulcan Foundry in the United Kingdom in 1954, as well as further Beyer-Garratts.

Diesel
Main article: List of stock used by Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia

The railway began dieselization in 1958, but some steam locomotives were still in operation 20 years later.

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See also

Sources
  1. Antofagasta (Chilli) & Bolivia Railway Railway Gazette 6 April 1962 page 382
  • Turner, J M; Ellis, R F (1992). The Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway. Locomotives International narrow gauge special. Skipton, North Yorkshire, England: Locomotives International. ISBN 9780907941361. OCLC 36761171.
  • "Company history". About us. Antofagasta PLC. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  • Vasallo, Emilio; Matus, Carlos (1943). Ferrocarriles de Chile Historia y Organización. Santiago de Chile.

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