Exploratory search

Exploratory search is a specialization of information exploration which represents the activities carried out by searchers who are:[1]

  • unfamiliar with the domain of their goal (i.e. need to learn about the topic in order to understand how to achieve their goal) or
  • unsure about the ways to achieve their goals (either the technology or the process) or
  • unsure about their goals in the first place.

Exploratory search is distinguished from known-item search, for which the searcher has a particular target in mind.

Consequently, exploratory search covers a broader class of activities than typical information retrieval, such as investigating, evaluating, comparing, and synthesizing, where new information is sought in a defined conceptual area; exploratory[2] data analysis is another example of an information exploration activity. Typically, therefore, such users generally combine querying and browsing strategies to foster learning and investigation.

History

Exploratory search is a topic that has grown from the fields of information retrieval and information seeking but has become more concerned with alternatives to the kind of search that has received the majority of focus (returning the most relevant documents to a Google-like keyword search). The research is motivated by questions like "what if the user doesn't know which keywords to use?" or "what if the user isn't looking for a single answer?". Consequently, research has begun to focus on defining the broader set of information behaviors in order to learn about the situations when a user is, or feels, limited by only having the ability to perform a keyword search.

In the last few years, a series of workshops has been held at various related and key events. In 2005, the Exploratory Search Interfaces workshop focused on beginning to define some of the key challenges in the field.[2] Since then a series of other workshops has been held at related conferences: Evaluating Exploratory Search[3] at SIGIR06[4] and Exploratory Search and HCI[5] at CHI07[6] (in order to meet with the experts in human–computer interaction).

In March 2008, an Information Processing and Management special issue[7][8] focused particularly on the challenges of evaluating exploratory search, given the reduced assumptions that can be made about scenarios of use.

In June 2008, the National Science Foundation sponsored an invitational workshop to identify a research agenda for exploratory search and similar fields for the coming years.[9]

Research challenges

Important scenarios

With the majority of research in the information retrieval community focusing on typical keyword search scenarios, one challenge for exploratory search is to further understand the scenarios of use for when keyword search is not sufficient. An example scenario, often used to motivate the research by mSpace,[10] states: if a user does not know much about classical music, how should they even begin to find a piece that they might like. Similarly, for patients or their carers, if they don't know the right keywords for their health problems, how can they effectively find useful health information for themselves?[11]

Designing new interfaces

With one of the motivations being to support users when keyword search is not enough, some research has focused on identifying alternative user interfaces and interaction models that support the user in different ways. An example is faceted search which presents diverse category-style options to the users, so that they can choose from a list instead of guess a possible keyword query.

Many of the interactive forms of search, including faceted browsers, are being considered for their support of exploratory search conditions.

Computational cognitive models of exploratory search have been developed to capture the cognitive complexities involved in exploratory search. Model-based dynamic presentation of information cues are proposed to facilitate exploratory search performance.[12]

Evaluating interfaces

As the tasks and goals involved with exploratory search are largely undefined or unpredictable, it is very hard to evaluate systems with the measures often used in information retrieval. Accuracy was typically used to show that a user had found a correct answer, but when the user is trying to summarize a domain of information, the correct answer is near impossible to identify, if not entirely subjective (for example: possible hotels to stay in Paris). In exploration, it is also arguable that spending more time (where time efficiency is typically desirable) researching a topic shows that a system provides increased support for investigation. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, giving study participants a well specified task could immediately prevent them from exhibiting exploratory behavior.

Models of exploratory search behavior

There have been recent attempts to develop a process model of exploratory search behavior, especially in social information system (e.g., see models of collaborative tagging.[13] [14] The process model assumes that user-generated information cues, such as social tags, can act as navigational cues that facilitate exploration of information that others have found and shared with other users on a social information system (such as social bookmarking system). These models provided extension to existing process model of information search that characterizes information-seeking behavior in traditional fact-retrievals using search engines.[15][16][17] Recent development in exploratory search is often concentrated in predicting users' search intents in interaction with the user.[18] Such predictive user modeling, also referred as intent modeling, can help users to get accustomed to a body of domain knowledge and help users to make sense of the potential directions to be explored around their initial, often vague, expression of information needs. [19][20] [21]

Major figures

Key figures, including experts from both information seeking and human–computer interaction, are:

gollark: In the UK we have a relatively reliable power grid even out here in the middle of Nowhere (Nowhere is otherwise known as the north east).
gollark: This is PHP, not sanity.
gollark: Ah, but it will.
gollark: They're doing it later.
gollark: T_PAAMAYIM_NEKUDOTAYIM

References
  1. Ryen W. White and Resa A. Roth (2009). Exploratory Search: Beyond the Query-Response Paradigm, San Rafael, CA: Morgan and Claypool.
  2. "HCIL SOH 2005 Workshop on Exploratory Search Interfaces". Microsoft. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  3. "SIGIR 2006 Workshop - Evaluating Exploratory Search Systems". Microsoft. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  4. "Sigir 2006". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  5. "CHI 2007 Workshop - Exploratory Search and HCI". Microsoft. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  6. "CHI 2007 Reach Beyond - welcome". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  7. "Information Processing & Management". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  8. Ryen W. White, Gary Marchionini, Gheorghe Muresan (2008). Evaluating exploratory search systems: Introduction to special topic issue of information processing and management Vol. 44, Issue 2, (2008), pp. 433–436
  9. "Moved". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  10. mSpace
  11. Pang, PCI; Verspoor, K; Chang, S; Pearce, J (2015). "Conceptualising health information seeking behaviours and exploratory search: result of a qualitative study". Health and Technology. 5 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1007/s12553-015-0096-0.
  12. Fu, W.-T., Kannampalill, T. G., & Kang, R. (2010). Facilitating exploratory search by model-based navigational cues. In Proceedings of the ACM International conference on Intelligent User Interface. 199–208.
  13. Fu, Wai-Tat (April 2008), "The Microstructures of Social Tagging: A Rational Model", Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work.: 66–72, doi:10.1145/1460563.1460600, ISBN 978-1-60558-007-4
  14. Fu, Wai-Tat (Aug 2009), "A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging" (PDF), Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing: 66–72, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29
  15. Fu, Wai-Tat; Pirolli, Peter (2007), "SNIF-ACT: a cognitive model of user navigation on the world wide web", Human-Computer Interaction, 22: 335–412
  16. Kitajima, M., Blackmon, M. H., & Polson, P. G. (2000). A comprehension-based model of Web navigation and its application to Web usability analysis. In S. Mc-Donald, Y. Waern, & G. Cockton (Eds.), People and computers XIV—Usability or else! New York: Springer-Verlag.
  17. Miller, C. S., & Remington, R.W. (2004). Modeling information navigation: Implications for information architecture. Human Computer Interaction, 19, 225–271.
  18. Ruotsalo, Tuukka; Athukorala, Kumaripaba; Glowacka, Dorota; Konuyshkova, Ksenia; Oulasvrita, Antti; Kaipiainen, Samuli; Kaski, Samuel; Jacucci, Giulio (2013), "Supporting exploratory search tasks with interactive user modeling", Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science and Technology ASIS&T
  19. Ruotsalo, Tuukka; Peltonen, Jaakko; Eugster, Manuel J.A.; Glowacka, Dorota; Floréen, Patrik; Myllymäki, Petri; Jacucci, Giulio; Kaski, Samuel (2018), "Interactive Intent Modeling for Exploratory Search", ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 36 (4): 1–46, doi:10.1145/3231593
  20. Ruotsalo, Tuukka; Peltonen, Jaakko; Eugster, Manuel J.A.; Glowacka, Dorota; Konuyshkova, Ksenia; Athukorala, Kumaripaba; Kosunen, Ilkka; Reijonen, Aki; Myllymäki, Petri; Kaski, Samuel; Jacucci, Giulio (2013), "Directing Exploratory Search with Interactive Intent Modeling", Proceedings of the ACM Conference of Information and Knowledge Management CIKM: 1759–1764, doi:10.1145/2505515.2505644, ISBN 9781450322638
  21. Glowacka, Dorota; Ruotsalo, Tuukka; Konuyshkova, Ksenia; Athukorala, Kumaripaba; Kaski, Samuel; Jacucci, Giulio (2013), "Directing exploratory search: Reinforcement learning from user interactions with keywords", Proceedings of the ACM Conference of Intelligent User Interfaces IUI: 117–128
  22. "Nick's home page". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  23. "Gary's Home Page". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  24. "m.c. schraefel: design for innovation, creativity, discovery". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  25. "Ryen W. White". Microsoft. Retrieved 8 April 2016.

Sources
  1. White, R.W., Kules, B., Drucker, S.M., and schraefel, m.c. (2006). Supporting Exploratory Search, Introduction to Special Section of Communications of the ACM, Vol. 49, Issue 4, (2006), pp. 36–39.
  2. Ryen W. White, Gary Marchionini, Gheorghe Muresan (2008). Evaluating exploratory search systems: Introduction to special topic issue of information processing and management Vol. 44, Issue 2, (2008), pp. 433–436
  3. Ryen W. White and Resa A. Roth (2009). Exploratory Search: Beyond the Query-Response Paradigm, San Rafael, CA: Morgan and Claypool.
  4. P. Papadakos, S. Kopidaki, N. Armenatzoglou and Y. Tzitzikas (2009). Exploratory Web Searching with Dynamic Taxonomies and Results Clustering,13th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL'09), Corfu, Greece, Sep-Oct 2009
  5. Marchionini, G. (2006). Exploratory Search: From Finding to Understanding, Communications of the ACM, 49(2), p.41-46.
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