Explanandum and explanans

An explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained, and the explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that phenomenon. For example, one person may pose an explanandum by asking "Why is there smoke?", and another may provide an explanans by responding "Because there is a fire". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum, and "fire" is the explanans.

In scientific method

Carl Gustav Hempel and Paul Oppenheim (1948),[1] in their deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, motivated the distinction between explanans and explanandum in order to answer why-questions, rather than simply what-questions:

"the event under discussion is explained by subsuming it under general laws, i.e., by showing that it occurred in accordance with those laws, by virtue of the realization of certain specified antecedent conditions"

— Hempel & Oppenheim, 1948, (p.136)[1]

Specifically, they define the concepts as follows:

"By the explanandum, we understand the sentence describing the phenomenon to be explained (not that phenomenon itself); by the explanans, the class of those sentences which are adduced to account for the phenomenon"

— Hempel & Oppenheim, 1948, (p.136-37)[1]

The crucial comment, with respect to the scientific method, is given as follows:

"It may be said... that an explanation is not fully adequate unless its explanans, if taken account of in time, could have served as a basis for predicting the phenomenon under consideration.... It is this potential predictive force which gives scientific explanation its importance: Only to the extent that we are able to explain empirical facts can we attain the major objective of scientific research, namely not merely to record the phenomena of our experience, but to learn from them, by basing upon them theoretical generalizations which enable us to anticipate new occurrences and to control, at least to some extent, the changes in our environment"

— Hempel & Oppenheim, 1948, (p.138)[1]

In biological systematics

Philosopher of science Ronald Brady [2] proposed that the pattern of relationships among organisms represents an explanandum that is prior to and independent of its explanation (explanans), the theory of evolution. This is an expression of the pattern cladistic viewpoint.

In the Social Sciences

Jon Elster wrote: "I argue that all explanation is causal. To explain a phenomenon (an explanandum) is to cite an earlier phenomenon (the explanans) that caused it." [3]

  • Explicandum — that which gets explicated
  • Explicans — that which gives the explication.
gollark: Quick summary:- valid disks contain a signature file and a startup- the signature can be in the old table format or hexadecimal- only disks where the signature is valid for the code on them are executed
gollark: The relevant code:```lualocal function infect(disk_side) local mp = disk.getMountPath(disk_side) if not mp then return end local ds = fs.combine(mp, "startup") -- Find paths to startup and signature files local disk_ID = disk.getID(disk_side) local sig_file = fs.combine(mp, "signature") -- shell.run disks marked with the Brand of PotatOS -- except not actually, it's cool and uses load now if fs.exists(ds) and fs.exists(sig_file) then local code = fread(ds) local sig_raw = fread(sig_file) local sig if sig_raw:find "{" then sig = textutils.unserialise(sig_raw) else sig = unhexize(sig_raw) end disk.eject(disk_side) if verify(code, sig) then -- run code, but safely (via pcall) -- print output for debugging print "Signature Valid; PotatOS Disk Loading" local out, err = load(code, "@disk/startup", nil, external_env) if not out then printError(err) else local ok, res = pcall(out, { side = disk_side, mount_path = mp, ID = disk_ID }) if ok then print(textutils.serialise(res)) else printError(res) end end else printError "Invalid Signature!" printError "Initiating Procedure 5." end -- if they're not PotatOS'd, write it on else fwrite(ds, "shell.run 'pastebin run RM13UGFa update' -- PotatOS") endend```
gollark: <@151391317740486657> What key exactly?
gollark: <@151391317740486657> Only digitally signed ones are run unsandboxed. You cannot sign a disk without the private key or probably utterly impractical hackery.
gollark: Basically, any disk you make *will not be run unsandboxed* on a regular potatOS install.

References
  1. Hempel CG, Oppenheim P (1948). "Studies in the Logic of Explanation". Philosophy of Science. XV (2): 135–175. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.294.3693. doi:10.1086/286983.
  2. Brady RH (1985). "On the independence of systematics". Cladistics. 1 (2): 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00416.x.
  3. Elster, Jon (2015). Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge Univ. Press. Page 1. ISBN 978-1-107-41641-3
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