Evergreen Game

The Evergreen Game is a famous chess game, won by Adolf Anderssen against Jean Dufresne in 1852.

Game animation

This was probably an informal game. At the time, there was no formal title of "World Champion", but the German mathematics professor Adolf Anderssen was widely considered to be the best player in the world after winning the first major international chess tournament in London in 1851. Though not in the same class as Anderssen, Jean Dufresne, a popular author of chess books, was also a strong player. It is usually assumed that the game was played in Berlin, where Dufresne was resident and Anderssen was a frequent visitor, but no details of the circumstances of the game were provided in the original publication in the September and October 1852 issues of Deutsche Schachzeitung.[1][2]

Beginning with Howard Staunton in 1853,[3] the game has been extensively analysed over the years, particularly the critical positions before and after White's remarkable 19th move, 19.Rad1. Although defensive resources for Black have since been found, Anderssen's combination remains much admired.

Following Anderssen's death in 1879, Wilhelm Steinitz published a tribute in The Field in which he annotated Anderssen's two most famous games, the Evergreen and the Immortal Game against Lionel Kieseritzky. Annotating the famous move 19.Rad1, Steinitz wrote "An evergreen in the laurel crown of the departed chess hero", thus giving this game its name.[1]


The game

White: Anderssen   Black: Dufresne   Opening: Evans Gambit (ECO C52)

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4

The Evans Gambit, a popular opening in the 19th century and still seen occasionally today. White gives up material to gain an advantage in development.

4... Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. d4 exd4 7. 0-0 d3 (see diagram)

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Position after 7...d3
Black attempts to slow down White's rapid development by depriving the queen's knight of its preferred c3-square and forcing White to spend a tempo capturing the pawn. This move was favoured by Dufresne, but today it is considered inferior. Most popular today is 7...Nge7, in order to answer 8.cxd4 or 8.Ng5 with 8...d5. Other alternatives include 7...dxc3 (the risky "Compromised Defence") and 7...d6.

8. Qb3

Immediately attacking the f7-pawn. FIDE Master Graham Burgess suggests 8.Re1 instead.[4]

8... Qf6 9. e5 Qg6

White's e5-pawn cannot be taken: if 9...Nxe5, then 10.Re1 d6 11.Bg5, when 11...Qf5 (11...Qg6 12.Nxe5 dxe5 13.Rxe5+ wins the bishop) 12.Nxe5 wins the knight (if the knight is recaptured with 12...dxe5, then 13.Qb5+ followed by 14.Rxe5+ wins).
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Position after 10.Re1!

10. Re1! (see diagram) Nge7 11. Ba3 b5?!

Rather than defending his own position, Black offers a counter-sacrifice to activate his a8-rook with tempo. Burgess suggests 11...a6 instead, to allow the b-pawn to advance later with tempo.[4]

12. Qxb5 Rb8 13. Qa4 Bb6

Black cannot castle here because 14.Bxe7 would win a piece, as the knight on c6 cannot simultaneously protect the knight on e7 and the bishop on a5.

14. Nbd2 Bb7?

Black must castle without delay.

15. Ne4 Qf5?

A poor move which loses a tempo. 15...0-0 16.Bxd3 also gives White a very dangerous attack (Neishtadt, 1961).[5] Better was 15...d2! 16.Nexd2 0-0 (Lasker), although White still has a clear advantage.[6]

16. Bxd3 Qh5 17. Nf6+!?

A dramatic sacrifice, although several commentators have pointed out that 17.Ng3 Qh6 18.Bc1 Qe6 19.Bc4 wins material in a simpler way.[4][7] Or 18.Nf5 and White has a clear edge.[6] The Chessmaster computer program annotation says "this [sacrifice] is not without danger, as Black now obtains an open g-file for counterplay."

17... gxf6 18. exf6 Rg8 19. Rad1! (see diagram)

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Position after 19.Rad1!
A somewhat controversial move, which has been both exulted and criticised over the years. It sets a deep trap, which Black walks into. In Common Sense in Chess (1895), the then-world champion Emanuel Lasker praised it as "one of the most subtle and profound moves on record". However, probably influenced by the analysis of Paul Lipke which revealed defensive possibilities for Black, he later criticised the move, saying that 19.Be4 would have won relatively easily.[8] Lasker's analysis turned out to be faulty, however. Analysis by Jacob Murey and German Fridshtein published in the Soviet magazine 64 in 1975, found that after 19.Be4 Qh3! 20.g3 Rxg3+ 21.hxg3 Qxg3+ 22.Kh1 Bxf2 23.Bxe7! (Lasker's 23.Re2? is refuted by 23...Nd4!) 23...Qh3+! 24.Nh2 Bxe1 25.Rxe1 Qh4! 26.Qd1! Nxe7 27.Bxb7 Qxf6 it is unclear whether White is winning. Subsequent analysts such as Zaitsev and Kasparov have agreed with this assessment.[9][10]

19... Qxf3?

"Who would have played anything else here?!" (Lipke, 1898). White cannot play 20.gxf3 since the g2-pawn is pinned by the rook on g8. Black now threatens to take either on f2 or g2, both major threats to the white king, but Anderssen has a shattering resource available.
Dissatisfied with the lack of analysis in the game's original publication, Howard Staunton published a detailed analysis of several of Black's alternatives in the Chess Player's Chronicle in 1853. Staunton analysed 19...Ne5, 19...d6, 19...Bc5, 19...Rxg2+ and 19...Qh3, concluding that Black was lost in all lines.[3]
This was the accepted view for many years, until the strong German master Paul Lipke published analysis in the May and June 1898 issues of the Deutscher Schachzeitung.[7] Lipke recommended 19...Rg4!? for Black, concluding that it offered Black excellent drawing chances with best play. Lipke's main line went 19...Rg4 20.Bc4 Qf5! 21.Rxd7! Kxd7 22.Ne5+ Kc8 23.Nxg4 Nd5 24.Qd1 Nd8 25.Re5 Bxf2+ 26.Kh1 Nf4 27.h3 and now either 27...Qb1 or 27...Nxg2 will probably draw for Black.[7] Analysis published in the early 1930s by O. Hoppe and H. Heckner found a win for White after 25.Bd3! (instead of 25.Re5); however, Black can also improve with 24...Nxf6 (Kasparov).[10] Zaitsev's 21...Rxg2+ (rather than 21...Kxd7) also appears to be sufficient for a draw.[10][11] Hoppe and Heckner also found a win for White after 20.c4 Rf4? (Lipke) 21.Bg6!!. Better is 20...Bd4 (Zaitsev, 64, 1976)[11][12] or 20...Rxg2+! (Kasparov).[10] 20.Re4 has also received renewed attention as an attempt for White to gain the advantage. The final assessment of 19...Rg4 remains unclear.[10][11]
Most analysts have followed Staunton in rejecting 19...Rxg2+?! on account of 20.Kxg2 Ne5 21.Qxd7+!!; however, I.J. Good contended that after 21...Kxd7 22.Bg6+ Ke6 23.Bxh5 Rg8+ 24.Kh3! N7g6 25.Bg4+ Kxf6 26.Nxe5 Nxe5 27.Be7+ Kxe7 28.Rxe5+ Kf6 White does not have a clear win in the endgame.[13]
In 1958, analysis by readers of the Schach-Echo came to the conclusion that 19...Bd4 and 19...Qh3 are even better than 19...Rg4 and sufficient to force a draw.[14] (19...Bd4 was also found independently by Zaitsev.[11]) This view is endorsed by Burgess, who quotes the lines (a) 19...Bd4 20.cxd4 Qxf3 21.Be4 Rxg2+ 22.Kh1 Rxh2+ 23.Kxh2 Qxf2+ and (b) 19...Qh3 20.Bf1 Qf5! (not analysed by Staunton) 21.Bd3 Qh3, repeating moves in each case.[4]

20. Rxe7+! Nxe7?

This loses instantly to a very attractive mate in four. 20...Kd8 would put up more resistance, but White should win after 21.Rxd7+ Kc8 22.Rd8+!! Kxd8 (if 22...Rxd8 23.gxf3; if 22...Nxd8 23.Qd7+ Kxd7 24.Bf5+ Ke8 25.Bd7#) (Staunton, 1853)[3] 23.Bf5+ Qxd1+ (Rubinstein, 1921).[12] Another way is 23.Be2+;[10] however, White must play accurately in this case: after 23...Nd4! 24.Bxf3 Bxf3 25.Rxd4+? leads to a probable draw after 25...Bxd4 26.Qxd4+ Kc8 27.Qd3 Bxg2 28.f3 Bh3+ 29.Kf2 Rb6 30.Qxh7 Rg2+ 31.Ke3 Be6 (Levenfish, 1959).[15] White must instead play 25.g3! (Neishtadt, 1961)[5] Bxd1 26.Qxd1 "with a boring but winning endgame" (Kasparov).[16]
It is unclear whether the following moves were actually played, or whether Anderssen simply "announced mate", a common practice at the time. The Deutsche Schachzeitung where the game was originally published simply said "White mates in 4 moves", without providing the actual moves.[2]

21. Qxd7+!! Kxd7 22. Bf5+

Double checks like 22.Bf5+ are powerful because they force the king to move. Here it is decisive.

22... Ke8

Or 22...Kc6 23.Bd7#.

23. Bd7+ Kf8

Some sources give 23...Kd8 as Black's move, with the same reply, 24.Bxe7#.

24. Bxe7# 1–0

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Final position after 24.Bxe7# (a pure mate)

Savielly Tartakower commented, "A combination second to none in the literature of the game." (Tartakower & du Mont 1975:35).

gollark: If you write this and it's in a production system, you literally cannot be fired.
gollark: Also job security.
gollark: Suffering maximization, naturally.
gollark: C makes it quite easy to make particularly annoying and bad mistakes. With higher-level languages I can focus on cool™ higher-level mistakes.
gollark: Fascinating.

See also

References
  1. Winter, Edward, Anderssen v Dufresne: The Evergreen Game
  2. Anderssen, Adolf, Gespielte Partieen 450, Zwischen Anderssen und Dufresne, Deutsche Schachzeitung, September 1852 pages 338–39 & Schluss der Partie 450, Oct 1852 page 383
  3. Staunton, Howard, Chess Player's Chronicle 1853, pp. 4–11
  4. Burgess, Graham; Nunn, John; Emms, John (2004). The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games (2nd ed.). Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1411-7.
  5. Neishtadt, Yakov, Shakhmaty do Steinitsa, Fizkultura i sport, Moscow 1961
  6. Harding, Tim; Botterill, G. S. (1977). The Italian Game. B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 45. ISBN 0-7134-3261-6.
  7. Lipke, Paul, Ein Blick in die Tiefen Anderssen'scher Combinationen, Deutsche Schachzeitung Vol 52, May 1898 pp. 129–34 & June 1898 pp. 161–63
  8. Lasker, Emanuel Lasker's Manual of Chess, Dover, 1960, pp. 271–72 (originally published in 1925)
  9. Murey, Jacob; Fridshtein, German;64, "Poistine Neuvyadayemaya" ("Truly Evergreen "), 1975, No. 38 page 11
  10. Kasparov, Garry (2 Nov 2003). "Garry Kasparov's Great Predecessors: Follow-up #1". Chessbase. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  11. Zaitsev, Igor, 64, V Teni "Vechnozelenoy" (In the Shadow of the "Evergreen"), 1976, No. 5 pp. 8–9 & No. 6 pp. 6–7
  12. Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1987). "Evergreen Game". The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-19-281986-0.
  13. Good, I.J., The "Evergreen Game," 130 years later, Chess, August 1984, pp. 96–97
  14. Müller, Karsten ChessBase – Our Readers reply to Kasparov, ChessBase, 9 Jan 2004
  15. Levenfish, Grigory, Kniga Nachinayushchego Shakhmatista, 2nd Edition, Fizikultura i Sport, Moscow, 1959, page 168
  16. Kasparov, Garry; ChessBase Magazine 59, 1997

Bibliography

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