Euonymus fortunei

Euonymus fortunei, the spindle, Fortune's spindle, winter creeper or wintercreeper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to east Asia, including China, Korea, the Philippines and Japan.[1] It is named after the Scottish botanist and plant explorer Robert Fortune.

Euonymus fortunei
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Celastrales
Family: Celastraceae
Genus: Euonymus
Species:
E. fortunei
Binomial name
Euonymus fortunei
(Turcz.) Hand.-Maz.

Description

It is an evergreen shrub which grows as a vine if provided with support. As such it grows to 20 m (66 ft), climbing by means of small rootlets on the stems, similar to ivy (an example of convergent evolution, as the two species are not related). Like ivy, it also has a sterile non-flowering juvenile climbing or creeping phase, which on reaching high enough into the crowns of trees to get more light, develops into an adult, flowering phase without climbing rootlets.

The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 2–6 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, with finely serrated margins. The flowers are inconspicuous, 5 mm in diameter, with four small greenish-yellow petals. The fruit is a smooth, dehiscent capsule with reddish arils.[2]

Varieties

There are two or three varieties:

  • Euonymus fortunei var. fortunei (syn. var. acutus). China, Korea
  • Euonymus fortunei var. radicans (Sieb. ex Miq.) Rehd. (syn. E. radicans). Japan
  • Euonymus fortunei var. vegetus (Rehd.) Rehd. Northern Japan (Hokkaidō), doubtfully distinct from var. radicans (Bean 1973)

Range

It has an extensive native range, including many parts of China (from sea level to 3400 m elevation), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.[1] It resembles Euonymus japonicus, which is also widely cultivated but is a shrub, without climbing roots.[3] It also is related to a variety of similar species, including Euonymus theifolius, or Euonymus vagans and also a number of named "species" which are found only in cultivation and better treated as cultivars.[1]

Cultivation

Euonymus fortunei is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, with numerous cultivars selected for such traits as yellow, variegated and slow, dwarfed growth. It is used as a groundcover or a vine to climb walls and trees. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[4]

  • 'Emerald Gaiety'[5]
  • 'Emerald 'n' Gold'[6]
  • 'Emerald Surprise'[7]
  • 'Kewensis' [8]
  • 'Wolong Ghost' [9]

Plants propagated from mature flowering stems (formerly sometimes named "f. carrierei") always grow as non-climbing shrubs. Some popular cultivars such as 'Moon Shadow' are shrub forms.

Most of the cultivated plants belong to var. radicans (Huxley 1992). It is generally considered cold hardy in USDA zones 5 to 9, and is considered an invasive species in some parts of the world, notably the eastern United States[10][11] and Canada.[12]

  • The fruit
  • Flowers on a mature vine
  • The variegated cultivar 'Emerald 'n Gold'
  • Cultivar 'Emerald Gaiety'
gollark: Fear it:
gollark: (Taiwan holds basically all leading edge semiconductor production and I believe a lot of the older stuff. Invading could physically damage it in hard to fix ways, and would probably lead to the loss of most of the people working on it and their knowledge; even ignoring this, it relies on materials from elsewhere which could be cut off. Basically everyone needs the chips produced by TSMC, and if they just stopped existing so would... roughly all consumer electronics for several years.)
gollark: It would not.
gollark: I don't think they can actually militarily do anything to Taiwan without imploding the entire world economy for several years.
gollark: It's unreasonable that people's life chances are affected by who they happened to be born to.

References
  1. "Euonymus fortunei (Turczaninow) Handel-Mazzetti". Flora of China.
  2. Zouhar, Kris (2009). "Euonymus fortunei. In: Fire Effects Information System". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  3. "Euonymus japonicus Thunberg". Flora of China.
  4. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  5. "RHS Plant Selector - Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald Gaiety'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  6. "RHS Plant Selector - Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald 'n' Gold'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  7. "RHS Plant Selector - Euonymus fortunei 'Emerald Surprise'". Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  8. "Euonymus fortunei 'Kewensis'". RHS. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  9. "Euonymus fortunei 'Wolong Ghost'". RHS. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  10. "Profile for Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Maz. var. radicans (Siebold ex Miq.) Rehder (winter creeper)". PLANTS Database. USDA, NRCS. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  11. Swearingen, J.; K. Reshetiloff; B. Slattery & S. Zwicker (2002). "Creeping Euonymus". Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
  12. "Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper)". Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International.
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