Euclea crispa

Euclea crispa,[note 1] commonly known as the blue guarri,[note 2] is an Afrotropical plant species of the family Ebenaceae. The hardy and evergreen plants may form a dense stand of shrubs,[2] or grow to tree size. It is widespread and common in the interior regions of southern Africa,[3] and occurs northward to the tropics. Though some are present near the South African south and east coasts,[4] they generally occur at middle to high altitudes.[5] It is readily recognizable from its much-branched structure and dull bluish foliage colour. Those bearing lanceolate leaves may however resemble the Wild olive,[3] another common species of the interior plateaus.

Blue guarri
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ebenaceae
Genus:	Euclea
Species:	E. crispa
Binomial name
Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke
Synonyms
Euclea lanceolata E.Mey. ex A.DC[1]

Range and habitat

It is native to central South Africa (where one of 35 native ebony species),[6] Lesotho, Swaziland, the Zimbabwean plateau and Eastern Highlands,[3] Angola, Zambia, Malawi[2] and uplands of tropical Africa.[4]

It is found in open or thick bush along stream banks,[7] woodland, kloofs, hillsides, open forest, along forest margins and regularly in sheltered rocky places.[3][5] It is rare in the lowveld where it is limited to rocky areas, or areas of higher rainfall.[8]

Habit

It is a rounded, dense and bushy shrub or tree,[7] reaching a height of 2 to 6 metres[7] (rarely 8 to 20 metres),[2][3][4] with a spreading, often symmetrical crown. It is slow-growing like its congeners, and becomes frost and drought resistant with age.[6] In Zimbabwe it is a shrub of 1 to 2 m tall,[2] forming small, dense colonies, or a small tree.[5]

Description

Bole and bark

The bole is single or multi-stemmed and up to 30 cm in diameter.[3] The wood is dark brown, hard and close-grained.[4] The bark varies from grey[7] to brown or blackish,[3] and is smooth in young trees, but rougher in older trees.[2]

Foliage

The plants carry a dense canopy of simple leaves of a dull grey-green colour and a rigid, leathery lineament.[3] Variation in terms of colour, shape, texture and arrangement is however considerable.[3] Foliage colour varies from a greyish green to distinctly blue, and the leaf shape varies from lanceolate to obovate.[3] New branches and foliage are covered in rust-brown scales (gland granules),[2][9] while mature leaves may be hairy or glabrous.[8] Leaves may be opposite, sub-opposite or rarely alternate.[2] The slender petiole is 1.5 to 2 mm long,[2] and the leaves measure up to 5 x 1.5 cm.[8] The leaf veins are clear and transparent against light, unlike the opaque venation of Wild olive trees.[3][7] Leaves may also resemble those of the Natal guarri, a species of generally lower altitudes, but the latter's leaves have a finely hairy stalk.[4]

Flowers

The fragrant flowers are produced in summer, from October to February.[5] They are small, waxy, pendulous, yellow[8] to greenish-white and borne in axillary pseudo-racemes,[3][8] holding 3 to 10 flowers each.[2] Their bell-shaped corollas are deeply lobed,[2][9] and the ovaries are densely covered in bristles.[2]

Fruit

The roundish, pea-sized berries (4 to 5 mm in diameter)[8] are considered palatable when ripe.[7] They are single-seeded and borne on female trees only.[9] As they ripen, they turn from green to reddish brown, and eventually to black.[2][5][7] They are somewhat or very hairy when green,[2] but more or less glabrous when mature.[8] Saplings can be grown quite easily from fresh, plump seed, that is sown soon after harvesting.[6]

Subspecies

var. crispa

• Range: very widely distributed in southern Africa
• Description: leaves variable but hardly wavy, broadly tapering with rounded apex, or acute apex with rounded tip,[3] margins entire, and generally smaller and narrower[2] than the next

var. ovata

• Range: eastern karroid regions (incl. Cradock and Middelburg) to Northern Cape (incl. Kimberley and Kuruman) and southern Free State
• Description: leaves wavy, much more ovate and sharply tapering, densely hairy when young,[2] sometimes minutely scalloped,[3] and hardly distinguishable from the Mountain guarri where they overlap[2]

Species interactions and uses

Lichens often grow on older bark.[6] Bees are attracted to the sweet scent of the summer flowers, and larvae of the moths Ectoedemia crispae and Graphiocephala barbitias feed on the leaves. The fruit are eaten by birds and mammals, including antelope, vervet monkeys,[6] mongooses and rats,[4] while the bark and leaves are browsed by Black rhino.[9] A dye extracted from the roots is used for baskets, mats and wool.[9] A medicinal infusion of the root is also used for various ailments,[6] and the fruit or bark are used as a purgative.[3]

• 
  Foliage and bell-like flowers
• 
  Green berries on female tree
• 
  A female tree

Notes

1. crispa = "curled", referring to the leaf margins that may be rolled under or wavy
2. The Khwe appelation "Gwarri" is also the origin of the Afrikaans and Xhosa loan words, "Ghwarrie" and "umGwali", respectively.

References

1. "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke". The Plant List 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
2. Palgrave, Keith Coates (1984). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 736–737. ISBN 0-86977-081-0.
3. Palmer, Eve (1977). A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. London, Johannesburg: Collins. pp. 282–284. ISBN 0-620-05468-9.
4. Pooley, Elsa (1997). Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Durban: Natal Flora Publications Trust. p. 398. ISBN 0-620-17697-0.
5. Hyde, Mark; et al. "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Sond. ex Gürke subsp. crispa". Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
6. Stoll, Nicolette (Aug 2010). "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke subsp. crispa". PlantZAfrica.com. SANBI. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
7. Tree Society of Southern Africa (1974). Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-85494-236-X.
8. Van Wyk, Piet (1984). Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town: C. Struik. p. 224. ISBN 0-86977-221-X.
9. Van Wyk, Braam; et al. (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. p. 340. ISBN 1-86825-922-6.

External links

• Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Euclea crispa". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.