Erythranthe peregrina

Erythranthe peregrina is a species of monkeyflower. Its Latin name means "foreign", or more loosely "the foreigner". This species is a rare example of polyploidization and speciation where sterility did not occur.[2] It was discovered in 2011, first reported in 2012, and named Mimulus peregrinus. Around the same time, the genus Mimulus was restructured and this species is now called Erythranthe peregrina and is in the section Simiolus.[3][4][5][6] The species was less than 140 years old at the time of discovery in 2011; its discoverer, Professor Mario Vallejo-Marin of the University of Stirling, compared finding it to "looking at the big bang in the first milliseconds of its occurrence".[7]

Erythranthe peregrina
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Erythranthe
Species:
E. peregrina
Binomial name
Erythranthe peregrina
(Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom
Synonyms[1]
  • Mimulus peregrinus Vallejo-Marin

Description

Erythranthe peregrina has a high level of pollen and seed fertility.[8] Its vegetative and floral characteristics are intermediate between its two ancestral species, E. guttata and E. lutea.[9] E. peregrina is a perennial herb 5–30 centimetres (2.0–11.8 in) high. The leaves are generally variable, ovate-oblong 3–14 by 1.5–4 centimetres (1.18–5.51 by 0.59–1.57 in). Petioles are about 75% as long as the blades. Pedicels are 2.5–5 centimetres (0.98–1.97 in). Sepals are 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.59–0.98 in) and have five triangular teeth. The flowers are yellow with red spots. Throats are slightly hairy. Stamens produce large amounts of pollen. The germination rates of self-fertilized seeds is about 80%.[8]

Origin

Polyploidization is a mechanism of sympatric speciation because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors due to the difference in chromosome numbers.[10] Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from E. × robertsii, a sterile triploid hybrid (2n = 3x = 46) between E. guttata and E. lutea, both of which have been introduced and naturalized in the United Kingdom.[10]

Due to allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance, E. peregrina has double the amount of genetic material, genome size and chromosomes of E. × robertsii (2n = 6x = 92).[10][11] Wheat, cotton and tobacco also formed in this manner.[7] Such an event has been rare in the last two centuries and is the first such instance in the order Lamiales.[10] Such genetic doubling resulting in a new species is instantaneous in evolutionary terms.[12]

Distribution

Erythranthe peregrina is endemic only to two locations in Scotland. Vallejo-Marin collected one of its seeds on 27 August 2011 from the banks of Shortcleuch Water, near Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, in southern Scotland.[13] Making this species even more unusual, two separate populations of E. peregrina arose independently; one on the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands off the coast of northern Scotland, via genome duplication from local populations of E. × robertsii,[10] a hybrid of Erythranthe guttata from western North America and Erythranthe lutea from the Andes of South America; both of those species had been imported into Britain.[11] Scientists had known about E. × robertsii for some time, but until 2011 had always found it to be sterile.[14]

New species generally form in one locale and then spread to other areas. However, in this very unusual case, E. peregrina formed independently in the same way in two different areas. This proves that under the right conditions multiple independent evolution of the same species is repeatable. The two colonies are confirmed as having the same parentage but slight genetic differences show they arose independently. While the Orkney colony was discovered about 2 years after the Leadhills colony, there is no way to tell which colony developed first.[15] Senecio cambrensis is another case of multiple independent evolution; having arisen in Wales and Scotland.[14][16][17] About one-third of the wild hybrids in the British Isles have at least one non-native parent.[12]

gollark: And fs.load/dump are built into the sandboxing anyway.
gollark: And it needs to update properly, or dependencies will be desynchronised and it'll crash.
gollark: Or just not update, I guess?
gollark: So you'd then need to muck with the autoupdater enough to get some updates, but not break entirely.
gollark: PotatOS has an autoupdater, remember?

References
  1. "Erythranthe peregrina". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  2. "Rare glimpse into the origin of species". EurekAlert. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  3. Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012). "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2012–39: 1–60.
  4. Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR 3448862.
  5. Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR 4122195. PMID 21665709.
  6. Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.474. JSTOR 4123743. PMID 21653403.
  7. Amos, Ilona (6 May 2015). "Biologist hails 'big bang' Scots flower discovery". Scotsman. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  8. Vallejo-Marin, Mario (2012). "Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species". PhytoKeys. 14 (14): 1–14. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305. PMC 3492922. PMID 23170069.
  9. Nesom, Guy L. (2013). "The Taxonomic Status of Mimulus sookensis (Phrymaceae) and Comments on Related Aspects of Biology in Species of Erythranthe" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 69: 1–18. ISSN 2153-733X.
  10. Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015). "Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus". Evolution. 69 (6): 1487–1500. doi:10.1111/evo.12678. PMC 5033005. PMID 25929999.
  11. Fessenden, Marissa. "Make Room for a New Bloom: New Flower Discovered". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  12. "Hybrid species are on the march – with the help of humans". The Conversation. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  13. "Mimulus peregrinus". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  14. DeWeerdt, Sarah (19 May 2015). "The Monkey-flower Has Two Faces". Conservation Magazine. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  15. "Flower find provides real-time insight into evolution". University of Sterling. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  16. Coleman, Max (5 June 2015). "New to Science 2015 – Mimulus peregrinus". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  17. Abbott, R.J.; Forbes, D.G. (2002). "Extinction of the Edinburgh lineage of the allopolyploid neospecies, Senecio cambrensis". Heredity. 88 (4): 267–269. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800038. PMID 11920133.
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