Erysimum collinum

Erysimum collinum is a plant species in the family Brassicaceae. It is a member of the genus Erysimum, which includes between 150 and 350 species in the Northern Hemisphere.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Erysimum collinum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Erysimum
Species:
E. collinum
Binomial name
Erysimum collinum

Morphology

Erysimum collinum is a biennial species. Plants are typically branching at the base, with 1-7 stems at the time of flowering. Leaves (length 14-50 mm, width 2-11 mm) are covered in hairs and are narrower at the base. Flowers are yellow with glabrous petals 6–11 mm long and 2-4 mm wide. There are 30-60 flowers in the main raceme. Seed pods are 56-95 mm long, 1.3-2 mm wide, square with non-obvious edges, and aligned parallel to the flower stalk. Flower stalks are rounded and 500 – 820 mm tall at the time of seed set.[3][5][10]

Immature Erysimum collinum seed pods

Occurrence

Erysimum collinum is native to southeastern Russia, Armenia, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, and Iran, where it grows at altitudes from 700 to 1390 m.[5] Habitats where E. collinum is found include cultivated fields, river banks, and rocky areas.

Taxonomy

In a 2014 taxonomic revision, E. aucherianum, E. gayanum, E. gracile, and E. passgalense are considered to be the same species as E. collinum.[3] The revised species has both diploid (2n = 14) and hexaploid (2n = 42) members.[5] Based on sequence comparisons of expressed genes in 48 Erysimum species, E. collinum is most closely related to E. crassipes and E. crassicaule.[11]

Chemical defenses

The genus Erysimum is known for containing two major classes of defensive metabolites: glucosinolates, which are characteristic of all Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), which are found only within the genus Erysimum.[12] However, unlike other analyzed members of the genus Erysimum, E. collinum contains only trace amounts of cardiac glycosides (cardenolides).[11] Nevertheless, extracts of E. collinum showed some inhibitory activity of the mammalian sodium-potassium ATPase pump (Na+/K+-ATPase), the main molecular target of cardenolides.[11]

The most abundant glucosinolate in E. collinum is glucoerypestrin (3-methoxycarbonylpropyl glucosinolate),[11] which has been reported only within the genus Erysimum,[13] including also in the species E. repandum (syn. E. pulchellum), E. odoratum, and E. ochroleucum.[11][13][14][15] Other glucosinolates found in E. collinum are indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, 3-methylsulfinylpropyl glucosinolate, 2-methylpropyl glucosinolate, and n-methylbutyl glucosinolate.[11]

gollark: Just use endermail and ender modems.
gollark: Data? Yes. Items? No.
gollark: Just send it over apiomodems.
gollark: That's not necessary and far too expensive.
gollark: > just use different vars<@675688103540686858> UTTERLY utter and wrong and bees.

References
  1. Moazzeni, Hamid; Zarre, Shahin; Pfeil, Bernard E.; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Oxelman, Bengt (2014). "Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genusErysimum(Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (4): 497–522. doi:10.1111/boj.12184. ISSN 0024-4074.
  2. Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)". TAXON. 61 (5): 931–954. doi:10.1002/tax.615002. ISSN 1996-8175.
  3. German, D. (2014). "Notes on taxonomy of Erysimum (Erysimeae, Cruciferae) of Russia and adjacent states. I. Erysimum collinum and Erysimum hajastanicum" (PDF). Turczaninowia. 17 (1): 10–32. doi:10.14258/turczaninowia.17.1.3.
  4. Polatschek, A. (2009). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 1: Russland, die Nachfolgestaaten der USSR (excl. Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan), China, Indien, Pakistan, Japan und Korea". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 111: 181–275. ISSN 0255-0105.
  5. Polatschek, A. (2010). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 2: Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan, Türkei, Syrien, Libanon, Israel, Jordanien, Irak, Iran, Afghanistan". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 112: 369–497. ISSN 0255-0105.
  6. Polatschek, A. (2012). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 3: Amerika und Grönland". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 113: 139–192. ISSN 0255-0105.
  7. Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 57–74. ISSN 0255-0105.
  8. Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 75–218. ISSN 0255-0105.
  9. Polatschek, A. (2014). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Nachträge zu den Bearbeitungen der Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 116: 87–105. ISSN 0255-0105.
  10. Moazzeni, Hamid; Assadi, Mostafa; Zare, Golshan; Mirtadzadini, Mahshour; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A (2016-07-29). "Vol 269, No 1". Phytotaxa. 269 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. Züst, Tobias; Strickler, Susan R; Powell, Adrian F; Mabry, Makenzie E; An, Hong; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; York, Thomas; Holland, Cynthia K; Kumar, Pavan; Erb, Matthias; Petschenka, Georg; Gómez, José-María; Perfectti, Francsco; Müller, Caroline; Pires, J Chris; Mueller, Lukas; Jander, Georg (2020-04-07). "Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)". eLife. 9: e51712. doi:10.7554/eLife.51712. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 7180059. PMID 32252891.
  12. Züst, Tobias; Mirzaei, Mahdieh; Jander, Georg (2018-12-01). "Erysimum cheiranthoides, an ecological research system with potential as a genetic and genomic model for studying cardiac glycoside biosynthesis". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (6): 1239–1251. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9562-4. ISSN 1572-980X.
  13. Fahey, Jed W.; Zalcmann, Amy T.; Talalay, Paul (2001-01-01). "The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants". Phytochemistry. 56 (1): 5–51. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2. ISSN 0031-9422.
  14. Chisholm, M. D. (1973-03-01). "Biosynthesis of 3-methoxycarbonylpropylglucosinolate in an Erysimum species". Phytochemistry. 12 (3): 605–608. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84451-9. ISSN 0031-9422.
  15. Kjær, Anders; Gmelin, Rolf; Sandberg, Rune; Schliack, J.; Reio, L. (1957). "isoThiocyanates. XXV. Methyl 4-isoThiocyanatobutyrate, a New Mustard Oil Present as a Glucoside (Glucoerypestrin) in Erysimum Species". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 11: 577–578. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.11-0577. ISSN 0904-213X.
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