En echelon veins

In structural geology, en échelon veins or "en échelon gash fractures" are structures within rock caused by noncoaxial shear.[1]

Left-lateral en échelon tension gash fractures in pelitic strata near Newquay, Cornwall, U.K. (Car key is approximately 7.5 cm long)
Two parallel sets of en echelon veins in sandstone near Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, with hammer for scale.

They appear as sets of short, parallel, planar, mineral-filled lenses within a body of a rock. They originate as tension fractures that are parallel to the major stress orientation, σ1, in a shear zone. They are subsequently filled by precipitation of a mineral, typically quartz or calcite. As soon as they form, they begin to rotate in the shear zone. Subsequent growth of the fracture therefore causes the vein to take on a sigmoidal shape. They can be used to determine the incremental kinematics of the deformation history of the rock.


References
  1. Davis, G. H.; Reynolds, S. J. (1996). Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions (2nd ed.). ISBN 0-471-52621-5.


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