Electoral cycle of Turkey

The Electoral cycle of Turkey is composed of three different types of elections, namely general elections every five years, local elections every five years and presidential elections every five years. Occasionally, referendums may be held if at least 360 Members of Parliament in the Grand National Assembly vote in favour of a constitutional amendment. Elections are overseen by the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey.

Elections

A summary of the purpose of each type of election is as follows.

general elections in order to elect 600 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly using the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. Held every five years (last held 24 June 2018; next one scheduled for 2023)
local elections in order to elect metropolitan and municipal mayors, as well as provincial and municipal mayors councillors. Held every five years (last held: 31 March 2019, next one scheduled for 2024)
presidential elections, in order to elect the President of Turkey using a two-round system. Held every five years (last held: 24 June 2018; next one scheduled for 2023)
Referenda, held if three fifth (360) members of parliament vote in favour of a constitutional change that is then put to the electorate (last held: 16 April 2017)

Historical changes

The 2007 constitutional referendum brought about significant changes to the Turkish electoral system, lowering the parliamentary terms from five years to four. As a result, general elections are now held every four years rather than five. Furthermore, the constitutional changes adopted in the referendum made the President elected by direct ballot rather than indirectly within parliament as had previously been the case. Before 2014, presidential elections were held every seven years by MPs, but are now held directly every five years. The incumbent may seek re-election once for a maximum of two terms, whereas the term limit for previous presidents elected indirectly were capped at one term.

With 2017 referendum, Turkey adopted semi-presidential republic system. Parliamentary terms reverted into five years, prime ministry dissolved and MP numbers increased.

Electoral cycle since 1923

Turkish electoral cycle, 1923-1941
Election	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940	1941
General	28 June 1923 CHP majority (single party)				20 July 1927 CHP majority (single party)				25 April 1931 CHP majority (single party)				8 February 1935 CHP majority (single party)				26 March 1939 CHP majority (single party)
Local								1930 CHP majority (single party)				1934 CHP majority (single party)				1938 CHP majority (single party)
Presidential	29 October 1923 (indirect) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (CHP)				1 November 1927 (indirect) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (CHP)				4 May 1931 (indirect) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (CHP)				1 March 1935 (indirect) Atatürk (CHP)			11 Nov 1938 (indirect) İ. İnönü (CHP)	3 Apr 1939 (indirect) İsmet İnönü (CHP)

Turkish electoral cycle, 1942-1960
Election	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950	1951	1952	1953	1954	1955	1956	1957	1958	1959	1960
General		28 February 1943 CHP majority (single party)			21 July 1946 CHP majority				14 May 1950 DP majority				2 May 1954 DP majority			27 October 1957 DP majority
Local	1942 CHP majority (single party)				26 May 1946 CHP majority				13 Aug-15 Oct 1950 DP majority					25 Sep-13 Nov 1955 DP majority
Presidential		8 March 1943 (indirect) İsmet İnönü (CHP)			5 August 1946 (indirect) İsmet İnönü (CHP)				22 May 1950 (indirect) Celal Bayar (DP)				14 May 1954 (indirect) Celal Bayar (DP)			1 November 1957 (indirect) Celal Bayar (DP)

Turkish electoral cycle, 1961-1979
Election	1961	1962	1963	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979
General	15 October 1961 CHP-AP coalition				10 October 1965 AP majority				12 October 1969 AP majority				14 October 1973 Indept.-AP-CGP coalition				5 June 1977 CHP minority government
Local			17 November 1963 AP victory					2 June 1968 AP victory					9 December 1973 CHP victory				11 December 1977 CHP victory
Presidential	29 October 1961 (indirect) Cemal Gürsel (independent)					28 March 1966 (indirect) Cevdet Sunay (independent)							6 April 1973 (indirect) Fahri Korutürk (independent)
Senate	15 Oct 1961 AP lead			7 June 1964 AP victory		5 June 1966 AP victory		2 June 1968 AP victory					14 Oct 1973 CHP victory		12 Oct 1975 CHP victory		7 June 1977 CHP victory		14 Oct 1979 AP victory
Referenda	9 July 1961 YES

Turkish electoral cycle, 1980-1998
Election	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
General				6 November 1983 ANAP majority				29 November 1987 ANAP majority				20 October 1991 DYP-SHP coalition				24 December 1995 ANAP-DYP coalition
Local					25 March 1984 ANAP victory					26 March 1989 SHP victory					27 March 1994 DYP victory
Presidential	12 March 1980-11 September 1980 (indirect) None (unsuccessful elections)									31 October 1989 (indirect) Turgut Özal (ANAP)							16 May 1993 (indirect) Süleyman Demirel (DYP)
Referenda			7 November 1982 YES					6 Sep 1987 YES	25 September 1988 NO

Turkish electoral cycle, 1999-2017
Election	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
General	18 April 1999 DSP-MHP-ANAP coalition			3 November 2002 AK Party majority					22 July 2007 AK Party majority				12 June 2011 AK Party majority				7 June 2015 Hung parliament 1 November 2015 AK Party majority
Local	18 April 1999 DSP victory					28 March 2004 AK Party victory					29 March 2009 AK Party victory					30 March 2014 AK Party victory
Presidential		5 May 2000 (indirect) Ahmet Necdet Sezer (cross-party)							28 August 2007 (indirect) Abdullah Gül (AK Party)							10 August 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (AK Party)
Referenda									21 October 2007 YES			12 September 2010 YES							16 April 2017 YES

Turkish electoral cycle, 2018 onwards
Election	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
General	24 June 2018 People's Alliance majority					Next
Local		31 March 2019 AK Party victory
Presidential	24 June 2018 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (AK Party)					Next
Referenda

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