Electa Quinney

Electa Quinney (Mahican name: Wuh-weh-wee-nee-meew Quan-au-kaunt) (1798-1885) was a Mohican and member of the Stockbridge-Munsee Community. She founded one of the first schools in what would become Wisconsin and was the first woman to teach in a public school in the territory which would be Wisconsin.

Electa Quinney
Quinney around age 60
Born	Electa Quinney 1798 Clinton, New York
Died	1885 Stockbridge, Wisconsin
Nationality	American
Other names	Electa W. Quinney, Electa W. Adams, Electa W. Candy
Occupation	teacher
Years active	1821-1844
Known for	first woman to teach in what would become Wisconsin

Early life

Electa Quinney was born around 1798[1][note 1] in Clinton, New York,[3] into the Housatonic or Stockbridge tribe.[5] She was schooled at a Quaker school on Long Island, New York, where she spent four years,[6] and in Clinton at the Clinton Female Seminary, which opened in 1814.[7] Later she studied for six years at the women's seminary in Cornwall, Connecticut.[3][8] She was the sister of John Wannuaucon Quinney[9] who led her tribe west when they relocated from New York to the Menominee lands.[1] Her father was probably Joseph Quinney, a sachem of the tribe while her mother, Margaret, was the daughter of David Nau-nau-neek-nuk who was also a Stockbridge sachem.[10][11] Quinney's spirit name in her native Mahican language was Wuh-weh-wee-nee-meew Quan-au-kaunt.[12]

Career

Upon completing her education around 1821, Quinney taught at a mission school in New York for six years. She relocated west around 1827 and by 1828 had established a school at Statesburg, near Grande Kawkawlin. Quinney taught between forty and fifty students at her school, which was the first public school in Wisconsin[1] making her the first woman school teacher in the Wisconsin part of Michigan Territory.[13][14] She taught 4 classes in a log school house,[15] which was connected with a Presbyterian mission.[4] Though most of her students were Indian, they studied in English and she used standard texts to teach arithmetic, geography, language, oration, penmanship and spelling.[8]

In 1832, the Methodists re-established contact with the Oneida Nation after their relocation to Wisconsin. Their first missionary, Daniel Adams, a Canadian Mohawk established a mission school near Green Bay, at which Quinney became the first teacher[16] that same year. Around 1835, Quinney and Adams married and moved to Missouri[4][17] where they had three sons, Alexander (born 1838), Daniel (born 1840) and John C. Adams (born 1843),[18] who would become a politician and who fought for the overturn of the 1871 Stockbridge-Munsee constitution until 1893 when his efforts finally succeeded.[19] Daniel's mission was with the Seneca Indians, who occupied a tract on the Neosho River in the Missouri Territory[20] and were later moved to a section of the Cherokee Reservation in the northernmost corner of Indian Territory working the Seneca Circuit.[5][21] Daniel died in 1843,[22] but Adams continued working for the Methodist Mission Service.[5][23]

Adams married a second time with a Cherokee newspaper editor,[3] John Walker Candy,[24][25] whose Cherokee name was Dâguwadâ.[26] His first wife was Mary Ann Watie, sister of Stand Watie.[27] He had begun his career as a printer in New Echota, Georgia first serving as an apprentice on the Cherokee Phoenix. John came to the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory one year prior to the removal to establish the printing office at the Union Mission. In 1840, he printed the earliest volume of Choctaw laws and helped relocate the press to Park Hill, where he printed the 1842 Cherokee Constitution and Laws. John and Adams married on Christmas day in 1845 in the Seneca lands[28] and he remained with the Union Mission press until 1847. John then worked at the Cherokee Advocate when it was established in Tahlequah. In 1855 he became the printer for the Baptist Mission Press.[29] By 1860, the couple had returned to Wisconsin and were living in Stockbridge,[18] though John's 1868 death occurred near Webbers Falls, Indian Territory.[28] In 1880, she was living in Stockbridge with her son John.[30]

Quinney died in 1885 in Stockbridge, Wisconsin.[3][4] She is buried in the Stockbridge Indian Cemetery, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, though her stone is missing.[31] Posthumously, the Electa Quinney Institute for American Indian Education at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee was named in her honor.[32]

Notes

1. Numerous birth dates are given for Quinney. McBride places the year around 1798,[1] Saemann cites circa 1807,[2] and the 1902 Inter Ocean newspaper article states her tombstone showed 1810.[3] If indeed she taught from 1821, the 1807 date would make her 14 years old and the 1810 date would make her 11. Credence is given to the earliest date based on Davidson which was published in 1893, "...she died about 8 years ago..." and then in the footnote, she was born about 87 years ago.[4] (1893-8 = 1885 which confirms other death dates, and if she was 87 years old at death 1885-87 = 1798).

References

Citations

1. McBride 2014, p. 7.
2. Saemann 2014, p. 15.
3. The Inter Ocean 1902, p. 17.
4. Davidson 1893, p. 57.
5. Richey, Rowe & Schmidt 2010, p. 198.
6. Saemann 2014, p. 26.
7. Saemann 2014, p. 23.
8. Davidson 1893, p. 56.
9. Oberly 2005, pp. 12, 14.
10. Saemann 2014, p. 18.
11. Jones 1854, p. 119.
12. Saemann 2014, p. 19.
13. Oberly 2005, p. 12.
14. Davidson 1893, p. 27.
15. Mochon 1968, p. 202.
16. Cope 1967, p. 137.
17. Davidson 1895, p. 66.
18. U.S. Census 1860, p. 42.
19. Oberly 2005, p. 14.
20. Goodrich 1841, pp. 374-375.
21. Babcock & Bryce 1935, p. 33.
22. Babcock & Bryce 1935, p. 42.
23. McBride 2014, p. 8.
24. Starr 2013, p. 14.
25. Draper 1903, p. 84.
26. Hargrett 2003, p. 12.
27. Cunningham 1959, p. 22.
28. Foreman 1936, p. 11.
29. Hargrett 2003, pp. 11-12.
30. U.S. Census 1880, p. 158.
31. Wozniak 1993, p. A-6.
32. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 2016.

Bibliography

• Babcock, Sidney Henry; Bryce, John Young (1935). History of Methodism in Oklahoma; story of the Indian Mission Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 1. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Times Journal Publishing Company. OCLC 55072277.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cope, Alfred (Winter 1967). "A Mission to the Menominee: Alfred Cope's Green Bay Diary (Part III)". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society. 50 (2): 120–144. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4634223.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cunningham, Frank (1959). General Stand Watie's Confederate Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3035-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Davidson, John Nelson (1895). In unnamed Wisconsin; studies in the history of the region between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: S. Chapman & Co. OCLC 644488026.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Davidson, John Nelson (1893). Muh-he-ka-ne-ok, a history of the Stockbridge nation. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: S. Chapman & Co. OCLC 613199541.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Draper, Lyman Copeland (1903). Collections of the State historical society of Wisconsin, edited by Lyman Copeland Draper...being a page-for-page reprint of the original issue of 1855-1888. v. 1-10. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. OCLC 631162213.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Foreman, Carolyn Thomas (1936). Oklahoma Imprints, 1835-1907: A History of Printing in Oklahoma Before Statehood. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. OCLC 574874796.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Goodrich, Samuel Griswold (1841). A pictorial geography of the world: comprising a system of universal geography, popular and scientific (8th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: C.D. Strong. OCLC 953813384.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hargrett, Lester (2003). A Bibliography of the Constitutions and Laws of the American Indians (reprint of 1947 publication of Harvard University Press ed.). Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-260-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jones, Electa Fidelia (1854). Stockbridge, past and present, or, Records of an old mission station. Springfield, Massachusetts: S. Bowles & Co. OCLC 657117702.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• McBride, Genevieve G., ed. (2014). Women's Wisconsin: From Native Matriarchies to the New Millennium. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87020-563-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mochon, Marion Johnson (June 21, 1968). "Stockbridge-Munsee Cultural Adaptations: "Assimilated Indians"". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society. 112 (3): 182–219. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986163.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Oberly, James Warren (2005). A Nation of Statesmen: The Political Culture of the Stockbridge-Munsee Mohicans, 1815-1972. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3675-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Richey, Russell E.; Rowe, Kenneth E.; Schmidt, Jeanne Miller (2010). The Methodist Experience in America. I. Nashville: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-1937-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Saemann, Karyn (2014). Electa Quinney: Stockbridge Teacher. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87020-642-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Starr, Emmet (2013). History of the Cherokee Indians and Their Legends and Folklore. Memphis, Tennessee: Ravenio Books. ISBN 978-1-230-73152-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wozniak, Maurice D. (July 13, 1993). "Wisconsin Burial grounds: Tribe gets cemetery back". The Milwaukee Journal. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Retrieved 11 August 2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "1860 U. S. Federal Census". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 18, 1860. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
• "1880 U. S. Federal Census". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 24, 1880. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
• "Electa Quinney's Grave". The Inter Ocean. Chicago, Illinois. May 18, 1902. Retrieved 11 August 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
• "Who is Electa Quinney?". Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 2016. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.