Elasticity coefficient

The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, such as temperature, pH, reactant and product concentrations and other effectors. The degree to which these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient. This coefficient is defined as follows:

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S}^{v}={\frac {\partial v}{\partial S}}{\frac {S}{v}}={\frac {\partial \ln v}{\partial \ln S}}}$

Elasticity coefficients are used in physics, economics, chemistry, or more generally in mathematics as a definition of point elasticity: the article below applies to chemical/biochemical elasticity coefficients. For the ratio between the initial and final velocities in a collision, see Coefficient of restitution. For others, see Elasticity

where ${\displaystyle v}$ denotes the reaction rate and ${\displaystyle S}$ denotes the substrate concentration. The partial derivative in the definition indicates that the elasticity is measured with respect to changes in a factor S while keeping all other factors constant. The most common factors include substrates, products and effectors. The scaling of the coefficient ensures that it is dimensionless and independent of the units used to measure the reaction rate and magnitude of the factor. The elasticity coefficient is an integral part of metabolic control analysis and was introduced in the early 1970s and possibly earlier by Henrik Kacser and Burns[1] in Edinburgh and Heinrich and Rapoport[2] in Berlin.

The elasticity concept has also been described by other authors, most notably Savageau[3] in Michigan and Clarke[4] at Edmonton. In the late 1960s Michael Savageau[3] developed an innovative approach called biochemical systems theory that uses power-law expansions to approximate the nonlinearities in biochemical kinetics. The theory is very similar to metabolic control analysis and has been very successfully and extensively used to study the properties of different feedback and other regulatory structures in cellular networks. The power-law expansions used in the analysis invoke coefficients called kinetic orders which are equivalent to the elasticity coefficients.

Bruce Clarke[4] in the early 1970s developed a sophisticated theory on analyzing the dynamic stability in chemical networks. As part of his analysis Clarke also introduced the notion of kinetic orders and a power-law approximation that was somewhat similar to Savageau's power-law expansions. Clarke's approach relied heavily on certain structural characteristics of networks, called extreme currents (also called elementary modes in biochemical systems). Clarke's kinetic orders are also equivalent to elasticities.

The fact that different groups independently introduced the same concept implies that elasticities, or their equivalent, kinetic orders, are most likely a fundamental concept in the analysis of complex biochemical or chemical systems.

Calculating elasticity coefficients

Elasticity coefficients can be calculated in various ways, either numerically or algebraically.

Algebraic calculation of elasticity coefficients

Given the definition of the elasticity in terms of a partial derivative it is possible for example to determine the elasticity of an arbitrary rate law by differentiating the rate law by the independent variable and scaling. For example the elasticity coefficient for a mass-action rate law such as:

${\displaystyle v=k\ S_{1}^{n_{1}}S_{2}^{n_{2}}}$

where ${\displaystyle v}$ is the reaction rate, ${\displaystyle k}$ the reaction rate constant, ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$ is the ith chemical species involved in the reaction and ${\displaystyle n_{i}}$ the ith reaction order, then the elasticity, ${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S_{1}}^{v}}$ can be obtained by differentiating the rate law with respect to ${\displaystyle S_{1}}$ and scaling:

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S_{1}}^{v}={\frac {\partial v}{\partial S_{1}}}{\frac {S_{1}}{v}}=n_{1}\ k\ S_{1}^{n_{1}-1}S_{2}^{n_{2}}{\frac {S_{1}}{k\ S_{1}^{n_{1}}S_{2}^{n_{2}}}}=n_{1}}$

That is the elasticity for a mass-action rate law is equal to the order of reaction of the species.

Elasticities can also be derived for more complex rate laws such as the Michaelis–Menten rate law. If

${\displaystyle v={\frac {V_{\max }S}{K_{m}+S}}}$

then it can be easily shown than

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S}^{v}={\frac {K_{m}}{K_{m}+S}}}$

This equation illustrates the idea that elasticities need not be constants (as with mass-action laws) but can be a function of the reactant concentration. In this case the elasticity approaches unity at low reactant concentration (S) and zero at high reactant concentration.

For the reversible Michaelis–Menten rate law:

${\displaystyle v={\frac {V_{\max }/K_{m1}(S-P/K_{\text{eq}})}{1+S/K_{m1}+P/K_{m2}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle V_{\max }}$ is the forward ${\displaystyle V_{max}}$, ${\displaystyle K_{m1}}$ the forward ${\displaystyle K_{m}}$, ${\displaystyle K_{eq}}$ the equilibrium constant and ${\displaystyle K_{m2}}$ the reverse ${\displaystyle K_{m}}$, two elasticity coefficients can be calculated, one with respect to S and another with respect to P. Thus:

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S}^{v}={\frac {1}{1-\Gamma /K_{eq}}}-{\frac {S/K_{m1}}{1+S/K_{m1}+P/K_{m2}}}}$

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{P}^{v}={\frac {-\Gamma /K_{eq}}{1-\Gamma /K_{eq}}}-{\frac {P/K_{m2}}{1+S/K_{m1}+P/K_{m2}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ is the mass-action ratio, that is ${\displaystyle \Gamma =P/S}$. Note that when P = 0, the equations reduce to the case for the irreversible Michaelis–Menten law.

As a final example, consider the Hill equation:

${\displaystyle v={\frac {V_{\max }(S/K_{s})^{n}}{1+(S/K_{s})^{n}}}}$

where n is the Hill coefficient and ${\displaystyle K_{s}}$ is the half-saturation coefficient (cf. Michaelis–Menten rate law), then the elasticity coefficient is given by:

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S}^{v}={\frac {n}{1+(S/K_{s})^{n}}}}$

Note that at low S the elasticity approaches n. At high S the elasticity approaches zero. This means the elasticity is bounded between zero and the Hill coefficient.

Differentiating in log space

An approach that is amenable to algebraic calculation by computer algebra methods is to differentiate in log space. Since the elasticity can be defined logarithmically, that is:

${\displaystyle \varepsilon _{S}^{v}={\frac {\partial \ln v}{\partial \ln S}}}$

differentiating in log space is an obvious approach. Logarithmic differentiation is particularly convenient in algebra software such as Mathematica or Maple, where logarithmic differentiation rules can be defined.[5]

Numerical calculation of elasticity coefficients

Elasticities coefficient can also be computed numerically, something that is often done in simulation software.

Elasticity matrix

The unscaled elasticities are often depicted in matrix form, called the elasticity matrix. Given a network with m molecular species and n reactions, then the elasticity matrix is defined as:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {\varepsilon } ={\begin{bmatrix}{\dfrac {\partial v_{1}}{\partial S_{1}}}&\cdots &{\dfrac {\partial v_{1}}{\partial S_{m}}}\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\{\dfrac {\partial v_{n}}{\partial S_{1}}}&\cdots &{\dfrac {\partial v_{n}}{\partial S_{m}}}\end{bmatrix}}.}$

References

1. Kacser, Henrik; Burns, J. (1973). "The control of flux". Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. 27: 65–104.
2. Heinrich, Reinhart; A. Rapoport, Tom (1974). "A Linear Steady-State Treatment of Enzymatic Chains: General Properties, Control and Effector Strength". European Journal of Biochemistry. 42 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03318.x. PMID 4830198.
3. A. Savageau, Michael (1976). Biochemical Systems Analysis. Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Company.
4. L. Clarke, Bruce (1980). "Stability of Complex Reaction Networks". Advances in Chemical Physics. 43: 1–215. doi:10.1002/9780470142622.ch1.
5. H. Woods, James; M. Sauro, Herbert (1997). "Elasticities in Metabolic Control Analysis: Algebraic Derivation of Simplified Expressions". Computer Applications in the Biosciences. 13 (2): 23–130.

Further reading

• Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1995). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. Portland Press.
• Fell D. (1997). Understanding the Control of Metabolism. Portland Press.
• Heinrich, Reinhart; Schuster, Stefan (1996). The Regulation of Cellular Systems. Chapman and Hall.