Edward John Granet

Brigadier-General Edward John Granet CB (August 1858 – 22 October 1918) was a British Army general. He had a long career serving in the field in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and in the 1884 Nile Expedition. He later became a staff officer and served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General for intelligence in the Second Boer War.

Edward John Granet
BornAugust 1858
Died22 October 1918 (aged 60)
Switzerland
Buried
Schosshalden cemetery, Berne
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army
Years of service1878–1918
RankBrigadier-general
UnitRoyal Artillery
Battles/wars
AwardsCB

Granet became military attaché to the British Embassy in Rome and Berne in 1911 and played a vital role in providing military intelligence out of Switzerland at the start of the First World War. At his instigation an air raid was carried out by British forces from southern France against a German hydrogen factory and zeppelin depot near to the Swiss border. This was successfully carried out and resulted in severe damage to the facility. Granet returned to action in 1915 commanding the artillery of the 11th (Northern) Division at Gallipoli. On 13 August that year he was severely wounded by an enemy shell. Granet was subsequently placed on half-pay (retirement) due to the severity of his injuries but returned to duty in 1917 when he was re-appointed as military attaché to Berne. He died of his earlier wounds in Switzerland on 22 October 1918, becoming the last British general to die from enemy action in the war.

Early life and career

Granet was born in August 1858 and was the son of William Augustus Granet of Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia.[1][2] His brother Sir Guy Granet was a barrister and high ranking railway administrator.[3] Granet was educated at Eton College before joining the British Army's Royal Artillery as a lieutenant in 1878.[2][4] He served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War between 1879 and 1880 and in the 1884 Nile Expedition.[3] He married Evelyn Pulchérie Chapman (1864–1933) in 1885.[5] Granet was promoted to captain on 29 July 1886.[6] He was seconded from his regiment to the general staff on 1 January 1892, returning on 31 October 1895.[7][8] Granet was appointed brigade major of the Royal Artillery's Southern district on 18 August 1896 and received promotion to the substantive rank of major on 7 September of that year.[9][10] Granet was promoted to the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel on 29 November 1900.[11]

Granet served in the Second Boer War and was mentioned in dispatches on 2 April 1901 by British commander, Lord Roberts.[12] He was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (DAAG) for intelligence on 28 April 1901 and held that position until 1902.[13][2] He was in London for the Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra on 9 August 1902 and formed part of the King's procession.[14][15] Granet served with the Army headquarters from 1902 as DAAG and received promotion to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel on 9 December 1903.[16][2] He was promoted to the brevet rank of colonel on 31 July 1904 and returned to the Royal Artillery on 2 April 1905.[17][18] Granet returned to Army headquarters on 17 November 1906 when he was appointed Assistant Director Remounts (i.e. the supply of horses) and promoted to the substantive rank of colonel.[19][2] He remained in this role until 17 November 1910 when he was placed on half-pay.[2][20] Granet was appointed military attaché to the British Embassy in Rome and Berne on 23 February 1911.[2][21] He was appointed a companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 June 1911 in the Coronation Honours.[22]

First World War

After the outbreak of the First World War Granet's position as attaché became important for intelligence gathering, particularly in Switzerland where he was the primary source of military intelligence in the country.[23] Early in the war he proposed that an air raid be carried out on the German hydrogen factory and zeppelin sheds at Friedrichshafen, near to the Swiss border. This was approved and the subsequent raid was made on 21 November 1914. This was carried out by four British aircraft (Avro 504s) shipped by crate to an airfield in Belfort, France.[4] One plane was damaged on takeoff but the remainder survived German AA fire to drop nine bombs on the facility, for the cost of one aircraft shot down and one pilot captured; the remaining pilots returned safely to Belfort and were awarded the Legion of Honour – the aircraft were shipped back to England shortly afterwards.[4] The hydrogen factory was said to be wrecked and a zeppelin was recorded as probably destroyed, with the raid described by historian Martin Gilbert as a "remarkable feat of aerial initiative". A complaint was received from Switzerland that their territory had been overflown but this was strongly denied by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. A further complaint regarding the loss of a Swiss citizen working at the factory was dismissed by Churchill who said that "it serves him right".[4] Although substantial damage was claimed at the time and in some later histories,[24] the damage inflicted was slight.[25][26]

Granet's appointment as military attaché ended in January 1915 and he returned to the Royal Artillery, where he was appointed to the temporary rank of brigadier-general on 18 March and given command of the artillery units of the 11th (Northern) Division.[2][27] He fought with his unit at Gallipoli later that year. Whilst in a trench at Lala Baba Hill on 13 August he was badly wounded in the hands and face by gravel from an exploding Turkish shell. The shell is thought to have been a stray, falling short of its intended target – the British fleet in Suvla Bay.[2] Granet was evacuated and returned to half-pay on 7 November 1916 owing to the severity of his wounds.[28] He was appointed an officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus by the Italian king and on 26 May 1917 was authorised to wear the decorations of that order by George V.[29] Granet recovered enough to be reappointed as military attaché to Berne on 4 June 1917.[30] He died of his wounds on 22 October 1918 and was buried initially at Schosshalden cemetery in Berne[2] but after the war he was reburied, with other British service dead from elsewhere in Switzerland in the Commonwealth war graves plot in St Martin's Cemetery, Vevey (Plot 53, Grave 60A).[31] He was the last British general to die as a result of enemy action during the war, which ended on 11 November 1918.[32]

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References
  1. Harold Hartley, ‘Granet, Sir (William) Guy (1867–1943)’, rev. Mark Pottle, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 3 April 2016
  2. Davies, Frank; Maddocks, Graham (2014). Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War 1914–1918. Pen and Sword. p. 76. ISBN 9781473812512.
  3. The Railway News ... 1918. p. 335. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  4. Gilbert, Martin (2015). Winston S. Churchill: The Challenge of War, 1914–1916. Rosetta Books. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780795344510.
  5. Atkinson, Damian (2014). The Selected Letters of Alice Meynell: Poet and Essayist. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 9781443863568.
  6. "No. 25623". The London Gazette. 7 September 1886. p. 4327.
  7. "No. 26250". The London Gazette. 26 January 1892. p. 424.
  8. "No. 26687". The London Gazette. 10 December 1895. p. 7136.
  9. "No. 26773". The London Gazette. 1 September 1896. p. 4932.
  10. "No. 26775". The London Gazette. 8 September 1896. p. 5036.
  11. "No. 27306". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2704.
  12. "No. 27305". The London Gazette. 16 April 1901. p. 2605.
  13. "No. 27325". The London Gazette. 21 June 1901. p. 4186.
  14. Bodley, John Edward Courtenay (1903). By His Majesty's Gracious Command, the Coronation of Edward the Seventh: A Chapter of European and Imperial History. Methuen & Company. p. 411.
  15. "No. 27489". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 October 1902. p. 6862.
  16. "No. 27632". The London Gazette. 1 January 1904. p. 28.
  17. "No. 27701". The London Gazette. 2 August 1904. p. 4979.
  18. "No. 27781". The London Gazette. 4 April 1905. p. 2545.
  19. "No. 27970". The London Gazette. 23 November 1906. p. 7977.
  20. "No. 28443". The London Gazette. 2 December 1910. p. 9041.
  21. "No. 28482". The London Gazette. 4 April 1911. p. 2701.
  22. "No. 12366". The Edinburgh Gazette. 23 June 1911. p. 627.
  23. Lahaie, Olivier (2017). La guerre secrète en Suisse (1914–1918): espionnage, propagande et influence en pays neutre pendant la Grande Guerre (in French). Editions Publibook. p. 242. ISBN 9782753905306.
  24. Hilary St. George Saunders: Per Ardua: The Rise of British Airpower 1911–1939, Oxford University Press, 1944.
  25. Layman, R. D. (2002). Naval Aviation in the First World War. Caxton. p. 68. ISBN 1 84067 314 1.
  26. Robinson, Douglas (1971). The Zeppelin in Combat (3rd ed.). London. p. 43.
  27. "No. 29116". The London Gazette. 30 March 1915. p. 3110.
  28. "No. 29855". The London Gazette. 8 December 1916. p. 12064.
  29. "No. 30096". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 May 1917. p. 5199.
  30. "No. 30193". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 July 1917. p. 7406.
  31. https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/473455/granet,-edward-john/
  32. Maddocks and Davies enumerate all 77 British general officers who they consider were killed or died due to enemy action during the war and Granet has the latest date of death. Ref: chapter three of Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War 1914–1918. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473812512.
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