Echophenomenon

Echophenomenon (also known as echo phenomenon; from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ) "echo, reflected sound") is "automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness"[1] or pathological repetitions of external stimuli or activities, actions, sounds, or phrases, indicative of an underlying disorder.[2][3]

The echophenomena include repetition:[1]

  • echolalia (syn. echophrasia) – of vocalizations (the most common of the echophenomena)[1]
    • echopalilalia – of words[4]
  • echopraxia (syn. echokinesis, echomatism[4]) – of actions, movements
  • echopathy – of actions or speech[4]
  • echomimia – of facial expressions
  • echographia – of words that are written or typed
  • echoplasia – physically or mentally, tracing contours of objects[1][3]
  • echolalioplasia – involving sign language, described in one individual with Tourette syndrome (as of 2012).[1][5]
  • echologia – of words or sounds in thought

References
  1. Ganos C, Ogrzal T, Schnitzler A, Münchau A (September 2012). "The pathophysiology of echopraxia/echolalia: relevance to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Mov. Disord. 27 (10): 1222–9. doi:10.1002/mds.25103. PMID 22807284.
  2. Ford RA (1989). "The psychopathology of echophenomena". Psychol Med. 19 (3): 627–635. doi:10.1017/s0033291700024223. PMID 2477866.
  3. Kawohl W, Podoll K (2008). "Contour copying or echoplasia – a new echo phenomenon in a person with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome" (PDF). Psychopathology. 41 (3): 201–2. doi:10.1159/000120989. PMID 18337631.
  4. Robert Jean Campbell (2009). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-19-534159-1.
  5. Lang AE, Consky E, Sandor P (1993). ""Signing tics"--insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome". Ann Neurol. 33 (2): 212–5. doi:10.1002/ana.410330212. PMID 8434883.
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