Echinococcus vogeli

Echinococcus vogeli is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found in Central and South America.[1] E. vogeli, as well as other members of the genus Echinococcus (especially Echinococcus multilocularis), produce a disease called echinococcosis. Echinococcosis, also known has hydatidosis, is a result of ingesting the eggs of the genus Echinococcus. E. vogeli is similar to E. multilocularis in that both species produces many small cysts that spread throughout the internal organs of the infected animal. The ingestion of E. vogeli eggs, and the spreading of the cysts through infected host, will results in Polycystic Echinococcosis.

Echinococcus vogeli
Echinococcus vogeli protoscolex
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Cestoida
Order:
Cyclophyllidea
Family:
Taeniidae
Genus:
Echinococcus
Species:
E. vogeli
Binomial name
Echinococcus vogeli
Rausch & Bernstein, 1972

This parasite has a life cycle involving two mammalian hosts. Bush dogs and domestic dogs are the definitive hosts, harbouring the adult stage of E.vogeli. The ingestion of a rodent containing the hydatid cysts of the tapeworm by a bush or domestic dog often results in a heavy infestation of these tapeworms.

Signs and symptoms

Human polycystic echinococcosis is the rarest type of echinococcosis and is characterized by infiltrative, multi-compartment cysts.[2] Symptoms depend on the location of the cysts. For example, cysts located in a patients lungs will result in shortness of breath, coughing, and/or chest pain. But, if the cysts reside in the patients liver, symptoms will include jaundice, abnormal abdominal tenderness, abdominal pain, fever, and/or anaphylactic shock.

Life cycle

The life cycle of E. vogeli utilizes a definitive host and intermediate host, also known as primary and secondary host, respectively, each housing different stages of the parasite. Bush dogs and domestic dogs serve as the definitive host for the adult stage of E. vogeli. Researchers believe that domestic dogs have a role in infecting humans with this tapeworm.[2] The tapeworm attaches itself to the wall of the dogs small intestine via a rostellum armed with hooks. Once the tapeworm matures, eggs are released into the intestine and passed in feces.[3] Rodents, such as the paca, serve as the intermediate host. Eggs that are eaten by the rodent form hydatid cysts in the lungs, liver, and other internal organs. When a bush or domestic dog consumes an infected rodent, the life cycle is complete. Larvae from the cysts of the infected rodent mature inside the small intestine of the dog.[4] Humans are at risk of becoming infected when eating under cooked meat containing hydatid cysts or coming into contact with infected dog feces. But, humans are not the regular hosts of E. vogeli, meaning that humans are the dead-end host; which does not allow transmission to the definitive host.

Summary of life cycle

  1. Adult tapeworm is present in the small intestine of the dog
  2. Eggs are passed in the feces of the dog, which is ingested by human (dead-end host) or rodent (intermediate host)
  3. Oncosphere penetrates the gut wall, and migrates to other organs via blood vessels
  4. Hydatid cysts form in the organs of the rodent
  5. Infected rodent is eaten by a dog, transferring protoscolices into the definitive host
  6. Ingested protoscolices attach themselves to the wall of the small intestine and develop into mature strobila

Morphology

E. vogeli has the largest strobila within the Echinococcus genus, reaching a length of 12 mm.[4] This tapeworm resides in the small intestine of bush and domestic dogs. E. vogeli contains a scolox, where a hook-filled rostellum is located, and a long neck that attaches to up to six proglottids. The gravid proglottid, the sexually mature proglottid that releases eggs into the dogs feces, is cylindrical and takes up about half of the strobilar length.[4]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of polycystic echinococcosis involves isolating the protoscoleces during surgery or after the patients death in order to identify E. vogeli. Imaging, such as ultrasound and CT scans, can also be used to identify polystytic structures, but this method is not preferred as images are similar to other types of echinococcosis and liver cancer. New studies show that PCR may identify E. vogeli in the patients tissues.[5]

Polycystic echinococcosis affecting the left side of the liver

Disease staging

Polycystic echinococcosis (PE) is an extremely lethal helminthic disease in humans, which is caused by the larval form of E. vogeli. Type I PE consists of polycystic masses in the liver and abdominal cavity. Type II also has polcystic masses in the liver and abdominal cavity, but includes hepatic insufficiency. Type III has polcystic masses in the liver and chest cavity. In type IV polycystic masses occur only in the mesenteries. Type V has calcified cysts in the liver and lung.[4] Type II seems to have the highest mortality rate due to the complications involved with hepatic insufficiency. Due to the similarities between liver cancer and polycystic echinococcosis, PE is hard to diagnose and could deadly when metastasized to other organs.

Treatment

If patients do not undergo treatment, 94% of them will die within 20 years of diagnosis.[6] PE is treated the same as cystic echinococcosis, with mebendazole and albendazole showing definite progress in treating PE.[7] Surgery remains the top treatment against PE. There are less invasive surgical methods partnered with chemotherapy in development.

Epidemiology

The parasite E. vogeli resides neotropical areas, such as Central and South America. Polycystic echinococcosis has infected people in Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, and Suriname.[4] E. vogeli infections seem to be on the rise, with 100 new cases over the past 10 years.[4]

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References
  1. http://eol.org/pages/10550499/overview
  2. Tappe, D; Stich, A; Frosch, M (2008). "Emergence of Polycystic Neotropical Echinococcosis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (2): 292–297. doi:10.3201/eid1402.070742. PMC 2600197. PMID 18258123.
  3. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214349-overview#a6
  4. d'Alessandro, A; Rausch, R. L (2008). "New Aspects of Neotropical Polycystic (Echinococcus vogeli) and Unicystic (Echinococcus oligarthrus) Echinococcosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 21 (2): 380–401. doi:10.1128/CMR.00050-07. PMC 2292577. PMID 18400802.
  5. Knapp, J; Chirica, M; Simonnet, C; Grenouillet, F; Bart, J. M; Sako, Y; Itoh, S; Nakao, M; Ito, A; Millon, L (2009). "Echinococcus vogeli Infection in a Hunter, French Guiana". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 15 (12): 2029–2031. doi:10.3201/eid1512.090940. PMC 3044547. PMID 19961693.
  6. http://aac.asm.org/content/42/5/1052.long
  7. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42427/929044522X.pdf;jsessionid=D185E5366C32BC22EBB779E7D075A148?sequence=1
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