EPCOT (concept)
The Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (EPCOT) was an unfinished concept developed by Walt Disney. Its purpose was to be a "real city that would 'never cease to be a blueprint of the future'",[1] designed to draw upon the latest technology from American industry. The city was planned to be a company town.[2] The "EPCOT philosophy" was a major part of Walt Disney's original plan for the property purchased near Orlando, Florida. After his death in 1966, the property became known as Walt Disney World in 1971 at the suggestion of Roy O. Disney. A theme park based on the philosophy opened in 1982 on Walt Disney's designated EPCOT site. It is now known as Epcot.[3] A portion of an architectural model known as Progress City is on display on the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover, located in Tomorrowland at the Magic Kingdom. This model was completed after Walt Disney's death but drew upon many of his ideas for EPCOT.
History
The seeds for the EPCOT concept appear in Disneyland's Tomorrowland. After all, EPCOT would feature monorails (1959) and PeopleMovers (1967) in the plans. In addition, Tomorrowland featured the Monsanto House of the Future (1957), designed by architects from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Architect/planner Victor Gruen's plans to convert the site of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair into a city was also considered. The plan features a raised platform and a plastic dome over an international shopping bazaar.[4] Imagineer Martin A. "Marty" Sklar believed that this was a significant influence.[5] Walt also considered a concept to incorporate an experimental city into his plans for a Palm Beach, Florida development with RCA and investor John MacArthur in 1959.[6] Therefore, there were many influences that fed into the EPCOT concept.
Walt was concerned with the "urban crisis" of the time and believed there was no bigger problem facing society.[7] He re-assembled his Disneyland team to develop the EPCOT plans. Congress was also in the midst of creating model cities legislation. Walt soon recognized that planning a community for 20,000 residents would be much more difficult than developing his insulated Disneyland theme park. Toward the end of his life, Walt began to immerse himself in urban planning literature, ranging from Ebenezer Howard's garden city to Victor Gruen's work.
The exact size of the Florida parcel could not be determined until the surveyors could work around the dangerous snakes, alligators, and crocodiles. Fed up with all of the city planning regulations he had to deal with in Southern California, Walt and his engineers developed the Reedy Creek Improvement District for the property. With the approval of the Florida legislature and Governor, the District had most of the powers of a Florida county. Walt was determined to do it his way. Commenting on this choice, Walt said, "Here in Florida we've enjoyed something we've never enjoyed at Disneyland: the blessing of size. There's enough land here to hold all the ideas and plans we could possibly imagine."[8]
A film shot on October 27, 1966, less than two months before Disney's death, is 25-minutes long and focuses on his plans for the Florida Project, then dubbed "Disney World".[9] Walt viewed portions of the film before he died. In it, Walt himself briefly explains how the Florida property would be utilized and how EPCOT would interrelate with other aspects of Disney World. Walt made this film to persuade American industry to participate and help convince the Florida legislature to approve the RCID. Ham Luske, directed the Florida Film. He was director of the studio's highly technical military training films during World War II. Walt incorporated concept art as well as highly technical animation. However, he stressed that the film's contents were only a starting point in the conceptualization of EPCOT, stating: "Everything in this room will change time and time again as we move ahead. But the basic philosophy of what we're planning for Disney World is going to remain very much as it is right now". The film itself can be found on Walt Disney Treasures – Tomorrow Land in its entirety. The EPCOT philosophy, as it became known, included the following: showcase the development, utilize and test new materials and ideas from American industry, find solutions to urban problems, EPCOT would be in a state of becoming, focus on the needs and happiness of residents, and generate demand for new technologies.[7]
Master plan and Community Site
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Walt personally sketched a master plan for the Florida property known as the Seventh Preliminary Master Plot Plan in 1966, the year of his death. The main features of the plan include the Magic Kingdom, hotels, camps and motels, convention facilities, EPCOT and a satellite community, a golf course, a "swamp ride," an industrial park, a tourist trailer camp, a main entrance, and a "jet airport." In addition, a monorail runs the length of the property.[10]
Visitors would enter at the southern end of the property and be shuttled by monorail to the Disney World Welcome Center [source]. There, they would be welcomed by "cast members" able to speak the guests' own languages [source]. Visitors would re-board the monorail to arrive at the industrial park. There, guests would ride PeopleMovers to see warehouses and research and development laboratories from American industry.[7] This is an example of the showcase aspect of the Epcot philosophy. Walt hoped visitors could take ideas back home to improve their own communities.[source] After visiting the industrial park, the monorail would take the guests to EPCOT, where they would arrive under the central city.[7]
The community
The EPCOT city, according to the concepts presented in the EPCOT film, was based on a radial plan, a design inspired by the garden city movement of urban planning. Based on a concept similar to the layout of Disneyland Park, the city radiates out like a wheel from a central core. The urban density of the area would dwindle as the city fanned out.
The dome
Imagineer Martin A. "Marty" Sklar believed that Walt Disney was heavily influenced by architect/planner Victor Gruen's plan to convert the site of the 1964-1965 World's Fair into a city. An article by famed architectural historian Ada Louise Huxtable, "Out of a Fair, A City" appeared in Horizon in May 1960. Huxtable discusses Gruen's plan that was to include a plastic dome over an international bazaar in the central city. There has been much speculation about a dome for EPCOT over the years. Gruen's plan may have been an influence.
An official of the Reedy Creek Improvement District recalled that a dome would pose fire safety issues. None of the Imagineering artwork shows the international shopping center open to a dome. However, the Florida Film does include a dome "enclosure." It is important to note that Walt Disney passed in December 1966 and much of the EPCOT source material was done in 1967. It is difficult to separate what Walt outlined and what was actually published in 1967. Architect Jon Jerde stated that a glass dome over 50-acres would have been "daunting" due to its cost. It should be remembered that Walt Disney always strived for the impossible.
Walt Disney talked about the Houston Astrodome and a New York Times article mentioned a dome. The dome was likely another element Walt was wrestling with before he passed.
Transportation
The city would be connected to the other points in Disney World with a main line of transportation—the monorail. Walt Disney introduced the monorail at Disneyland in 1959. The monorail would cut through the center of the city, connecting EPCOT with the northern and southern points on the Disney World property.
Internal transportation would be provided by a whole new Disney transportation concept: the WEDway PeopleMover. The system uses motors located between the tracks to propel vehicles along a pair of steel rails. PeopleMover cars would transport residents from the metropolitan center to the outer residential areas. The PeopleMover concept was first demonstrated at Disneyland's Tomorrowland in 1967. The PeopleMover was also installed at the Magic Kingdom as the WEDWay PeopleMover in 1975; since 2010, it has been known as the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover. The Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover is also the only way to view the Progress City diorama, which is located inside the north show building in Tomorrowland (the show building housing Stitch's Alien Encounter Character Greeting! formerly known as Stitch's Great Escape!).
Because of these two modes of transportation, residents of EPCOT would not need cars. If a resident owned a car, it would be used "only for weekend pleasure trips." The streets for cars would be kept separate from the main pedestrian areas. The main roads for both cars and supply trucks would travel underneath the city core, eliminating the risk of pedestrian accidents. This was also based on the concept that Walt Disney devised for Disneyland. He did not want his guests to see behind-the-scenes activity, such as supply trucks delivering goods to the city. Like the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World, all supplies are discreetly delivered via tunnels.
The two systems, monorail and PeopleMover, would come together at the EPCOT Transportation Lobby. The Transportation Lobby would be located at ground level, above the busy automobile/truck roads. From the Lobby, a passenger riding the monorail from the Magic Kingdom Park to their home would disembark the monorail and transfer to the appropriate PeopleMover station.
Beyond EPCOT, visitors would arrive at the Airport of Tomorrow, located across from the Main Entrance to EPCOT. The airport would have been connected to the park by a monorail station.
The planned airport would have had a general aviation area with an executive terminal, and another for regional passenger travel with a large terminal building.[11] Plans identified the airport in 1966 but was not present in the revised plans in the later 1970s.
City center
EPCOT's downtown and commercial areas would have been located in the central core of the city, away from the residential areas. The entire downtown would have been completely enclosed, unaffected by the outside elements. "The pedestrian will be king" in this area, free from the danger of cars and other vehicles.
At the center of the area would be a 30-story Cosmopolitan Hotel and Convention Center. This building was to have been the tallest building in EPCOT and could have been seen for miles, like the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland. The parking lot for hotel guests would have been located underneath the city core, right off of the vehicle throughway.
On the "roof" of the enclosed area would be the recreational area for hotel guests. The pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, shuffleboard, and other activities would have been located here. According to Imagineer Bob Gurr, Walt Disney pointed to one of the benches on the scale model of the area and declared, "This is where Lilly [his wife] and I will sit when this thing is finished, taking everything in".
Surrounding the hotel, inside the enclosure, would have been "shops and restaurants that reflect the culture and flavor of locations 'round the world". According to the concept art, these areas would be themed to each country, having the look and feel of each of the exotic locales. This concept eventually evolved into the World Showcase area of the Epcot theme park. The PeopleMover track would travel above these downtown shops and streets in a similar fashion as the system did in Disneyland. Preliminary plan indicated that the people who would have worked in these shops would have also lived in the city.
Green belt
Separating the city core from the low-density residential area would be an expanse of grass areas, known to the planners as the "green belt". This is where the city services would be located. Establishments such as parks with playgrounds, community centers, schools, stadiums, and churches would be located here.
Residential areas
On the rim of the city core would have been high-density apartment housing. This is where most of EPCOT's 20,000 citizens would have lived. Not much is discussed about the apartments themselves, although Walt Disney stated that no one in EPCOT would own their land. There would be no difference between an apartment and a home. All renting rates would be modest and competitive with the surrounding market. Also, the housing would be constructed in such a way to ensure ease of change, so that new ideas/products can be used. A person returning from a hard day's work could very well come home to a kitchen with brand-new appliances in it.
Beyond the Green Belt was the low-density, single-family house neighborhoods. These areas would have resembled the petals on a flower, with the houses located on the rim of each "petal". Inside the "petal" was a vast green area. The area would have had paths for electric carts, light recreation areas for adults and play areas for children. The PeopleMover station for each area would have also been located in the green area. The resident could simply walk to the station from their home and on to work. As stated before, residents would not really need a car to get around. Like the apartments, the houses would be built to be easily changed.
Living and employment
As stated above, no one living in EPCOT would own their own land or home, thereby having no municipal voting rights (bond issues, etc.). Walt Disney wanted to exercise this control only to be able to change technology in the homes easily.
According to the film, all adults living in EPCOT would be employed, thereby preventing the formation of slums and ghettos. There would be no retirees—everyone would have been required to have a job. Residents would have been employed at the Magic Kingdom theme park, the city central core shopping areas, the hotel/convention center, the airport, the Welcome Center, or the industrial park. As the film states, "everyone living in EPCOT will have the responsibility to maintain this living blueprint of the future".
General Electric's Progress City Model
The Carousel of Progress, sponsored by General Electric, was one of four of Walt Disney's pavilions at the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair (known as Progressland there). The show consisted of Audio-Animatronic "actors" presenting the progress of household technology through the decades. The same "family" was used for each time period. Guests were seated in an outer ring of six theaters that rotated around a fixed, circular stage. The Disneyland version of the Carousel opened in July 1967 and featured a huge, one-eighth scale model called Progress City. It could be viewed on foot or from the PeopleMover in Tomorrowland. The model was constructed after Walt's death but featured the basic elements of the EPCOT plan: city center and hotel; high density apartments; greenbelt; and single family houses.
The model measured 6,900 square feet and included 22,000 trees and shrubs, 4,500 buildings lit from within, 1,400 street lights, climate-controlled center city, amusement park rides in motion, sports stadiums, airport, atomic power plant, underground passageways, single family cul-de-sacs, retail stores, monorails, electric sidewalks, schools, churches, electric trains, electric carts, and PeopleMovers. Naturally, the city was all-electric.[12] The show's theme song, "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow," was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman and reflects Walt's view of progress and American industry.
General Electric and Westinghouse had been in merger discussions with the Disney organization but a deal never came to fruition. EPCOT would be an expensive proposition. In a 1968 print advertisement, General Electric announced that it had "much of the technology needed.... But as futuristic as it sounds, it could be built today." The ad also featured a photograph of Progress City. General Electric was prepared to tackle EPCOT.[13]
However, Disneyland's Carousel of Progress closed its doors in 1973 and the show moved to Florida's Magic Kingdom in 1975. The model of Progress City was not included in the Floridian version and a very reduced and less animated version of the model was put on display along the tracks of the PeopleMover where it remains to this day. The model on display is in fact only a small section of the original model and most of the detailed animations are turned off. The model underwent a renovation in 2013.
EPCOT After Disney
Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966. His brother Roy stated that, even while he was dying from lung cancer, Walt was still planning his city in the hospital. Walt used the ceiling grid to lay out a scale plot plan in his imagination, each 24" x 24" tile representing one square mile. Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk Jr. signed Chapter 67-764 into law on May 12, 1967, establishing the Reedy Creek Improvement District. However, Disney directors eventually decided that it was too risky to venture into city planning now that its biggest advocate was gone. Roy persisted and took the reins on the project, but he could not convince the board to build EPCOT. The Magic Kingdom project proceeded, and Walt Disney World Resort opened in October 1971 with only the Magic Kingdom and two hotels. Roy insisted it be called Walt Disney World as a tribute to the man who had dreamed it up.
Even though the city was never built, the Resort represents some of the forward-thinking planning that embodied Walt's idea of EPCOT. Because of the formation of the RCID, Disney could find innovative solutions to the problems of transportation, building construction, supplying electrical power, and waste disposal. Imagineers, including John Hench and Richard Irvine, devised means of waste disposal and sewer transport. The monorail, while mainly an attraction at Disneyland, was utilized as an actual transportation system, taking guests some thirteen miles around the Resort area. The Contemporary Resort opened with the Magic Kingdom as an architectural remnant of EPCOT's modernist aesthetic.
In the late 1970s, Disney CEO Card Walker wanted to revisit the EPCOT idea. But the board was still wary and all agreed that Walt's EPCOT would not work in its initial incarnation; they thought that no one would want to live under a microscope and be watched constantly.[14] The result of the compromise was the EPCOT Center theme park (now Epcot), which opened in 1982. While still emulating Walt Disney's ideas, it was not a city, but rather closer to that of a World's Fair. Epcot, somewhat true to Walt Disney's vision, revolves around technology and the future in the Future World area. The World Showcase is an embellished version of the downtown shopping area, albeit without the enclosure.
In the early 1990s, the Walt Disney Company built an actual community on the Florida property called Celebration. It is a planned community that employs some of the ideas that Walt Disney envisioned, but on a significantly smaller scale. Unlike EPCOT, which was based on modernism and futurism, there is no radial design for Celebration. Celebration is designed based on new urbanism, and resembles a small American town, but has all the modern conveniences, without the revolutionary transportation ideas contained in the plans for EPCOT. Similar planned communities, known as lifestyle centers, are now being built by other planners.
Singapore is often cited as a real-life EPCOT country. William Gibson described Singapore as "Disneyland with the death penalty" in an article for Wired in 1993, due to its high degree of city planning and clean and orderly lifestyle, just as Walt Disney would have wanted his community to be.[15]
References
- Gennawey, Sam (2011). Walt Disney and the Promise of Progress City. Theme Park Press. pp. xiii. ISBN 1941500269.
- Mannheim, Steve (2017). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community (1 ed.). Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7546-1974-1.
- "Epcot - Disney - Orlando". www.orlandoviagem.com.br. 2012-06-27. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-06-27.
- Huxtable, Ada Louise (May 1960). "Out of a Fair, a City". Horizon.
- Green, Amy Boothe and Howard E. (1999). Remembering Walt. New York: Hyperion. p. 175.
- Mannheim, Steve (2017). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community (First ed.). Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-138-26968-2.
- Disney, Walt (1966). Florida Film.
- Disney, Walt. "Florida Film".
- "E.P.C.O.T Film - The Original E.P.C.O.T Project". google.com. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- Mannheim, Steve (2017). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community (First ed.). Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-138-26968-2.
- http://www.airfields-freeman.com/FL/Airfields_FL_OrlandoSW.htm
- Anderson, Paul F. "A Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow: Walt Disney & World's Fairs". Persistence of Vision. 6/7: 117–118.
- Mannheim, Steve (2011). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community (Second ed.). BookLocker.com, Inc. p. xxi. ISBN 978-1-61434-241-0.
- "Should the city of Epcot have been built ?". the-original-epcot.com.
- Gibson, William. "Disneyland with the Death Penalty". WIRED. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Further reading
- Walt Disney and the Promise of Progress City - 2014. Text written by Sam Gennaway. Published by Theme Park Press.
- Walt Disney and the Quest for Community - 2017. Text written by Steve Mannheim. Published by Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-26968-2.
- Florida Film - 1966. Film. Script written by Walt Disney with Martin A. Sklar. Available on the "Tomorrowland" volume of the Walt Disney Treasures DVD series.
- Walt Disney's EPCOT Center - 1982. Text written by Richard R. Beard. Published by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-0819-0
- Walt: The Man Behind the Myth - 2001. Film. Written by Katherine and Richard Greene.
- Since the World Began - 1996. Book written by Jeff Kurtti. Published by Hyperion.