Dynamic revetment

Dynamic revetment, also known as a "cobble berm", uses gravel or cobble-sized rocks to mimic a natural cobble storm beach for the purpose of reducing wave energy and stopping or slowing coastal erosion.[1] Unlike seawalls, dynamic revetment is designed to allow wave action to rearrange the stones into an equilibrium profile, disrupting wave action and dissipating wave energy as the cobbles move. This can reduce the wave reflection which often contributes to beach scouring.[2][3]

Bayocean Oregon January 2020

Principle

The goal is to design structures that are natural in appearance and function while also providing acceptable protection to coastal properties, combining the benefits of ecologically responsive shore protection methods with those of conventional armor‑stone revetments or seawalls.[4]Natural self-protection by landslides was demonstrated in the early 1990s when, in an effort to stabilize the Lone Tree landslide 15km north of San Francisco, California Department of Transportation dumped excavated material including rocks and sediment sized from clay to large boulders down a steep cliff face, creating a massive artificial landslide. This "experiment" permitted the documentation of the early stages of landslide erosion, including the processes of waves cutting away the toe of the slide. It was observed that a beach immediately began to form along the toe of the eroding slide, consisting of the coarsest materials, gravel, cobbles and boulders. With its accumulation, the rate of toe erosion progressively slowed, the material having sorted itself into a protective gravel and cobble beach, backed in riprap-like fashion by a line of armor-sized boulders. A line of logs can also be employed as upper reinforcement for a constructed cobble berm. Drift logs are common on most shores in the Pacific Northwest. Their crisscrossed arrangement provides dynamic stability even when impacted by high tides and waves, capturing wind-blown sand and encouraging the growth of foredunes.

Laboratory Experiment

Large Wave Flume (Großer Wellenkanal), Hanover Germany

In 2017 DynaRev, a research project funded by the European Union, conducted a large scale laboratory experiment at the Large Wave Flume (Großer Wellenkanal) in Hanover, Germany. Its aim was to determine the performance and resilience of dynamic revetments to a rising sea-level. [5] The response of a sand beach was measured for various water levels and wave heights, both with and without an upper cobble berm. During the experiment, the dynamic revetment demonstrated a remarkable dynamic stability, as the individual cobbles within the structure moved with every wave but the global shape of the revetment remained stable. Based on this experiment, the researchers determined that dynamic revetments appeared to be a sustainable and affordable option for many locations experiencing coastal erosion where complete protection from coastal hazards is not needed and some coastal retreat is acceptable. [6]

Examples

Surfer's Point, Ventura California January 2020

Surfer's Point, Ventura, California

In 2011, the Surfers' Point working group completed the first phase of the project. Using grant funds from the California Coastal Conservancy and the Federal Highway Administration, the project relocated the bike path and parking lot. To stabilize the area the project constructed a "cobble mattress" on the back beach. Sand was placed in the retreat zone to complement the cobbles and help rebuild the dunes. Later, the project constructed dunes using sand sourced from other beaches with excess sand.[7]

Cape Lookout State Park Oregon January 2020

Cape Lookout State Park, Oregon

Following storm damage to Cape Lookout State Park in 1999, it became apparent that some form of shore protection was needed. It was decided that a conventional riprap revetment or seawall would be incompatible with this natural park setting, so the decision was made to construct a cobble berm that resembled the appearance and function of a natural cobble beach, backed by an artificial foredune that was reinforced by a core of sand-filled geotextile bags. Oregon Parks and Recreation Department completed construction of the 300-m long project by December 2000.[8]

State Route 105 North Cove Washington January 2020

State Route 105, North Cove, Washington

In 1996 a rock jetty was constructed to protect State Route 105 near North Cove, which appeared to increase the erosion to the east by redirecting the force of the waves. In response, Washington State Department of Transportation constructed 780 feet of dynamic revetment along the south side of the highway right of way in the fall of 2017. The dynamic revetment has generally performed as intended, with storm erosion transporting the berm material to the toe where it can buffer and dissipate wave energy. However, due to project footprint constraints, the cobble berm was constructed with a narrow width at the western end where wave energy is highest. This segment receives the brunt of waves that refract off adjacent riprap along the highway. Cobble re-nourishment was required several times during the first winter.[9]

North Cove Washington January 2020

North Cove Community, North Cove, Washington

In 2016, as a response to what has been called the fastest erosion on the West Coast of the United States, the community of North Cove began placing cobble along nearly 2 miles of shoreline to slow the erosion while engineers worked on a more permanent design.[10] Technical assistance and funding were provided by the Pacific County Conservation District. The community nonprofit group Wash Away No More supports the project through fundraising and work parties.[11] Working with regulatory agencies, the principles of Adaptive management and Design with Nature were incorporated into the project to allow for learning and change based on periodic monitoring by Washington State Department of Ecology.[12]

References

1. Dan Hammock (April 20, 2019). "Dynamic revetment revealed as top choice for North Cove shoreline preservation". Daily World.
2. John P. Ahrens (1990). "Dynamic Revetments". 22nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering.
3. Jonathan C. Allan; Ron Geitgey; Roger Hart (August 2005). "Dynamic Revetments for Coastal Erosion in Oregon Final Report SPR 620" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation Research Unit.
4. McHarg, Ian (1969). Design with nature.
5. https://dynarev2017.blogspot.com/
6. Paul M. Bayle; Chris E. Blenkinsopp; Daniel Conley; Gerd Masselink; Tomas Beuzen; Rafael Almar (2020). "Performance of a Dynamic Cobble Berm Revetment for Coastal Protection under Increasing Water Level". Coastal Engineering 159.
7. U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit (November 12, 2015). "Restoring Surfer's Point". NOAA Climate.gov.
8. Paul D. Komar; Jonathan C. Allan (2010). ""Design with Nature" Strategies for Shore Protection: The Construction of a Cobble Berm and Artificial Dune in an Oregon State Park" (PDF). Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring—Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report.
9. "WSDOT Chronic Environmental Deficiency (CED) Program Annual Report2018-2019" (PDF). December 30, 2019.
10. Kathy Park; Tonya Bauer (November 24, 2018). "'Washaway Beach,' fastest-eroding place on the West Coast, cobbles together a solution". NBC News.
11. Dan Hammock (April 20, 2019). "Pacific County community rallies to save beach". Chinook Observer.
12. Weiner, H.M.; Kaminsky, G.M.; Hacking, A.; McCandless, D. (2019). "North Cove Dynamic Revetment Monitoring: Winter 2018-2019". Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program, Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. Publication #19-06-008.