Duiliu Marcu

Duiliu Marcu (25 March 1885 – 9 March 1966) was a Romanian architect, one of the most well known and prolific of the interwar period. With a career spanning from 1912 to 1966, he is said to have designed 150 public and private projects across Romania, his work reflecting the evolution of local architecture in the first half of the 20th century from French Renaissance, though Neo-Romanian to modernism.[1] Though also designing private villas and apartments, he designed some of the major interwar public buildings in the country, including the Timisoara Theatre, the Elisabeth Palace in Bucharest for the royal family, and the Victory Palace, which now houses the office of the Prime Minister.

Duiliu Marcu
BornMarch 25, 1885
Calafat, Romania
DiedMarch 9, 1966 (80 years old)
Bucharest, Romania
EducationAcademie des Beaux Arts, Paris
OccupationArchitect
Years active1912-1945
Notable work
Timisoara Theatre, Elisabeth Palace, Athenee Palace Hotel, CFR Palace, Palace of State Monopolies, Military Academy, Victory Palace

Biography

Born in 1885 in a small town on the Danube (now on the border with Serbia), Marcu came from a modest family. In 1900 he enrolled in the new Carol I High School in Craiova, where he is awarded special prizes in drawing. In 1905, he decided to attend the School of Architecture in Bucharest, but after only a year he left for Paris, where he studied at the famous École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, graduating in 1912.[2]

Almost immediately he gains prestigious commissions, and by the mid 1930s is practically the government’s preferred architect.

In his biography which he published in 1960,[3] he divides his career into three phases, which overlap : "works of classical conception", that is academic and eclectic architecture, which stretches from 1912 to 1925; “traditional architectural works”, that is Neo-Romanian architecture between 1920 and 1930; and “works of modern Romanian architecture”, between 1925 and 1960, the year of publication of the work (though he ceased designing in 1945).[4]

After WW2, he continued his teaching and pedagogical activities, having already been Professor of "city aesthetics" at the Higher School of State Sciences in Bucharest (1923-1927) and substitute teacher at the Higher School of Architecture in Bucharest (now the Ion Mincu Architecture University) from 1927, which in 1929 became a professorship, which he held until 1957.[5] He also became president of the Romanian Architects’ Union (1953-1966), and from 1955 a member of the Romanian Academy.[1] Hi died 9 March 1966 in Bucharest.

Architecture
Engineer Buşilă House,1933

In 1912-1913, his first job on returning from Paris was to work with architect Nicolae Ghica-Budești on the Physics and Mathematics Department addition to the University of Bucharest, in the heart of the city; the design carried on the French Academic classicism of the existing University buildings, with flattened pilasters and prominent dormer windows. His next notable project was the grand Vasilescu Villa, also French Beaux-Arts style, typical for the period before WW1.

By the early 1920s he was practicing in the newly fashionable Neo-Romanian style, beginning with the large commission for the Timișoara Polytechnic, and then applied to another large project, the Timisoara Opera, in 1923-27.[5] Instead of only applying the details of other architects, he made his own study trips, his research focuses especially on the Brancoveanu style, peasant houses in his native region, Oltenia, as well as on the monasteries in Moldova, which explains the presence of Byzantine as well as regional influences in his Neo-Romanian works.[4]

By the early 30s, along with most Romanian architects, his work was heavily influenced by the modern movement, but often combined with traditional or classical influences. He produced a number of simple cubic villas with a single arched doorway or rustic details, but also some simple streamlined apartment houses. A well known commerical project from this time was the modernisation of the Athenee Palace Hotel in the mid 30s, taking it from pre-war eclectic to a more refined image. The Royal Railway Stations at both Sinaia and Banasea are elegant, stylised classical pavilions, while the House of State Monopolies in Bucharest is his most daringly modern design.[6]

He is best known for designing some of the largest government building projects in Bucharest in the 1930s, employing stylised classical forms influenced by Italian rationalist architecture of the period. They include the CFR (State Railways) Palace, the Military Academy, and finally the huge Victory Palace.[5]

Selected Projects

A full list of his projects can be found at the META page for Diuliu Marcu.[5]

  • Mathematics Department, University of Bucharest,14 Academy Street, 1912-13.
  • Villa CM Vasilescu, 54 Lascăr Catargiu Street, Bucharest, 1915-1916
  • Polytechnic of Timișoara, first three buildings : Faculty of Mechanics 1920–1923; dormitory 1927; canteen 1930[7]
  • Theater of Timișoara, 1923–1928 (facade 1934-36).
  • Dr. Anton Dobrovici House, 40 Lascăr Catargiu Street, 1922-1925
  • Union Square, Oradea, (layout, lamps, fences), 1926
  • Romanian Pavilion, Barcelona Expo, 1929 (demolished)
  • Elisabeth Palace, designed 1930, built 1936-37
  • Buşilă House, 1 Rabat Street, 1932-1933
  • Nestor Block, Calei Victoriei, Bucharest, 1932-1934 and 1937-1939 (destroyed by the 1977 earthquake)
  • Villa Olga Ștefănescu, Sinaia, 1934
  • Luca Bădescu House, 1 Muzeul Zambaccian Street, 1934
  • Three Apartment buildings, 17, 18, 20, Știrbei Vodă Street, 1935-1937
  • Royal Railway Stations, Banasea, Bucharest, and Sinaia, 1938
  • CFR Palace, Gra du Nord, Bucharest, 1934–1937
  • Palace of State Monopolies, Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, 1934–1941
  • Athenee Palace Hotel, Calea Victoriei Bucharest,1935–1937 (renovation alteration of the facades)
  • Military Academy, 68-72 Șoseaua Panduri, Bucharest, 1937–1939 (now the Carol I National Defence University)
  • Victory Palace, Piata Victoriei Bucharest, 1937–1944–1952 (now housing the office of the Prime Minister.)[6]
  • Vasilescu Villa, 1916
  • Polytechnic Timisoara, 1920-23
  • National Theatre, Timișoara, 1923-28
  • Casa Dobravici, 1926
  • Romania Pavilion, Barcelona Expo, 1929
  • Athenee Palace, renovation 1937
  • Stoianescu Building, 16 Știrbei Vodă Street, c1936
  • Elisabeth Palace, 1936
  • Royal Railway Station, Banasea, 1938
  • Military Academy, 1939
  • Palace of State Monopolies, 1934-41
  • Victory Palace
  • Corridor, Victory Palace
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References
  1. "Bucharest Centennial: Duiliu Marcu, an architect of modernist Bucharest". Romania Insider. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  2. Artei, Asociația Și Editura Istoria (1 October 2013). "Arh. Duiliu Marcu: Educatia si cariera". Arh. Duiliu Marcu. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
  3. Marcu, Duiliu. (1960). Arhitectura, 1912-1960 : 50 lucrari executate sau projectate de la 1912 la 1960 ... Ed. Tehnica. OCLC 717822238.
  4. "DUILIU MARCU - SEMICENTENAR 1966-2016" (PDF). Union of Architects of Romania.
  5. "Duiliu Marcu". e-architecture.ro. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  6. Government of Romania: History of Victoria Palace Archived August 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 11 September 2011
  7. "Timisoara - universitati". timisoara.online.ro. Retrieved 2020-07-04.

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