Duffy's Cut

Duffy's Cut is the name given to a stretch of railroad tracks about 30 miles west of Philadelphia, United States, originally built for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in the summer and fall of 1832. The line later became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Main Line. Railroad contractor Philip Duffy hired 57 Irish immigrants to lay this line through the area's densely wooded hills and ravines. The workers came to Philadelphia from the Ulster counties of Donegal, Tyrone and Derry to work in Pennsylvania's nascent railroad industry. Less than two months after their arrival, all 57 are believed to have died during the second cholera pandemic. While most died of the disease, forensic evidence suggests that some may have been murdered, perhaps due to fear of contagion,[2] as the pandemic spanned several continents and many years.[3]

Duffy's Cut
Enclosure where the majority of human remains are believed to rest, possibly after having been moved[1]
Coordinates: 40.037039°N 75.532439°W / 40.037039; -75.532439 (accident site)
CountryUnited States
TownMalvern, Pennsylvania

The site is located in East Whiteland Township, Pennsylvania [4] 1,500 feet (460 m) northeast of the intersection of King Road and Sugartown Road, where a Pennsylvania state historical marker has been placed.[5]

History
Pipes recovered at the site

Immigrants generally and Irish Catholics specifically were often viewed by the owners and managers of railroad and coal mining companies as expendable components, and by Anglo-Germanic Americans as unwholesome and even dangerous.

Philip Duffy's blacksmith buried the first three workers to perish in individual graves, but when it became clear that all would die he buried the rest of the dead in a shallow ditch along the railroad’s right of way without ceremony or funeral.[5] No death certificates were ever filed for these individuals. Asiatic Cholera usually causes 40-60% casualties within a single population. In this case, all of the workers are believed to have died, leading to the theory that some may have been killed.[5]

Official record of the deaths at Duffy’s Cut remained locked in the vaults of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) until Joseph Tripican, a secretary to a former PRR president, removed them after the company’s bankruptcy in 1970. In the 1990s, one of Tripican’s grandsons, Reverend Dr. Frank Watson discovered the papers in a file and began to research the history with his brother Dr. William Watson, Professor of History, and adjunct professors Earl Schandelmeier and John Ahtes of Immaculata University.[5]

On June 18, 2004, a Pennsylvania state historical marker was dedicated near the site. The text of the marker reads, "Nearby is the mass grave of fifty-seven Irish immigrant workers who died in August, 1832, of cholera. They had recently arrived in the United States and were employed by a construction contractor, named Duffy, for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad. Prejudice against Irish Catholics contributed to the denial of care to the workers. Their illness and death typified the hazards faced by many 19th century immigrant industrial workers."

In August 2004, the site began undergoing archaeological excavation by a research team headed by Dr. William Watson from Immaculata University, Rev. Dr. Frank Watson, Earl Schandelmeier, and John Ahtes. The Duffy's Cut Project team consisted of four primary members, William Watson, Frank Watson, John Ahtes (who died in 2010) and Earl Schandelmeier at Immaculata University. On March 20, 2009, the first human bones were unearthed, consisting of two skulls, six teeth and eighty other bones. The researchers announced their discovery on March 24, 2009.[6] Bone expert Janet Monge was included in the analysis of skeletal remains.[7]

In August 2009, "Finding Dulcinea" reported that the two earliest skulls found both show evidence of blunt-force trauma inflicted peri-mortem, suggesting the possibility that they were murdered.[8] More recent research of the site suggests that a mass murder may have taken place against the Irish workers[9] by local vigilantes fearful that cholera would spread. Analysis of the bones has indicated the possibility that some of the men were killed by projectiles.[10][11][12]

On March 9, 2012, the remains of five men and one woman from those who died at Duffy's Cut Shanty Town were laid to rest in a church burial at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.[13] The men and woman were unearthed by researchers from Immaculata University at the location of the Shanty Town near an Amtrak railroad line in Pennsylvania.[14] A sixth body was recovered and identified as John Ruddy from Inishowen, County Donegal; his remains were returned to Ireland for reburial there.[15] in 2013[16] The remains of Catherine Burns of County Tyrone who died in Duffy's Cut in 1832 were reburied in Ireland in 2015[16] Excavation of the deep burial site was halted when Amtrak, which owns the land, would not issue permits for additional digging because of the site's proximity to the railroad tracks.[17]

Television

  • Tile Films of Dublin, Ireland produced a documentary on the story for broadcast on the Irish State Broadcaster RTÉ., then went on to produce a follow-up with WNET, "Death on the Railroad" as an episode of the PBS series Secrets of the Dead (season 12, episode 2) first aired May 8, 2013.[1] and RTÉ. In this episode, the claim was made that modern forensic science determined that the 57 Irish railroad workers did not perish as the result of cholera, but instead were murdered. No conclusion was drawn as to motive, although many theories were offered.

Print

"Duffy's Cut"
Song by Christy Moore and Wally Page (writer)
LanguageEnglish
Published2009
Songwriter(s)Wally Page

Music

  • Irish musician Christy Moore released a song, written by Wally Page, called "Duffy's Cut" (2009), whose subject matter is the death of the workers on the railway.[2]
  • In March 2011, Celtic Punk band The Dropkick Murphys released a song called "The Hardest Mile", which also deals with the newly discovered evidence that some of the men may have been murdered rather than having died of cholera.
  • Americana Songwriter Rick Shelley released the song "Dead Horse Hollow" in 2017. The song references young John Ruddy and the 56 other Irish immigrants lost to Duffy's cut.
  • Construction tool (top) and iron strapping (bottom) c. 1832 that was attached to a wooden stringer and used as a rail. Both items recovered at the site.
  • Grave of some of the victims in West Laurel Hill Cemetery
gollark: LyricLy is text?
gollark: Don't use that.
gollark: How would that even work? Blurring irreversibly discards information.
gollark: What a ridiculous notion.
gollark: How would we know that?

See also

References
  1. "Death on the Railroad". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  2. Watson, William E.; Watson, J. Francis; Schandelmeier, Earl H. & Ahtes, John H. (2006). The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut: The Irish who Died Building America's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railroad. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98727-2.
  3. Crimmins, Peter (2009-03-24). "Irish Laborers Buried Under Suburban Railroads". Weekend Edition. WHYY/NPR. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  4. Miller, Jennifer (2009-03-24). "Bones may reveal Pa. grave of Irish immigrants in Chesco". The (Delaware County) Daily Times. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  5. Barry, Dan (2013-03-25). "With Shovels and Science, a Grim Story Is Told". The New York Times.
  6. McClements, Freya (2009-03-24). "Secrets of mass grave revealed". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  7. "This Local Coroner Still Has Questions About the Duffy's Cut Mass Grave Site". Main Line Today. 2019-08-08. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  8. "19th Century Irish Railroad Workers in Pennsylvania Grave May Have Been Murdered". Finding Dulcinea. 2010-08-20.
  9. Patel, Samir (November–December 2010). Valentino, Claudia (ed.). "Pennsylvania". World Roundup. Long Island City, New York: Archaeology. 63 (3): 14.
  10. Staff (May 23, 2010). "Fates Of Irish Workers Sealed In Mass Grave". All Things Considered. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  11. Matheson, Kathy (16 August 2010). "Old Irish bones may yield murderous secrets in Pa". AP. Archived from the original (Yahoo News article online) on August 20, 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  12. Tucker, Abigail. "Ireland's Forgotten Sons Recovered Two Centuries Later". Smithsonian Magazine.
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2012-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Duffy's Cut Project". Immaculata University.
  15. O'Dowd, Niall (2012-03-09). "Five murdered Irish emigrants will be reburied in a new grave today". IrishCentral (video).
  16. "Duffy's Cut: New searches for remains of Irish migrants". BBC. 2015-10-06.
  17. O'Shea, James (2011-10-31). "Duffy's Cut dig ends as Amtrak refuses mass grave excavation". IrishCentral (video).
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