Dolly Akers
Dolly Akers or Dolly Smith Cusker Akers (March 23, 1901 – June 5, 1986) was an Assiniboine woman who was the first Native American elected to the Montana Legislature and first woman elected to the Tribal Executive Board of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation.[1]
Dolly Akers | |
|---|---|
| Born | Dolly Smith March 23, 1901 |
| Died | June 5, 1986 |
| Nationality | Assiniboine |
| Political party | Democratic |
Childhood and Personal Life
Dolly Smith Cusker Akers was born in Wolf Point, Montana to Assiniboine tribal member Nellie Trexler and Irish-American William Smith. She grew up on the Fort Peck Reservation. As a teenager, she attended an Indian boarding school, the Sherman Institute in Riverside, California. After she graduated at age sixteen, she returned to Montana and married George Cusker in 1917. The couple ranched near Poplar and had one daughter, Alvina. George Cusker died in 1941 and in 1944, Dolly married John Akers. She was widowed a second time in 1959. She died in Helena in 1986.[2]
Political career
In 1923, Cusker accompanied two tribal representatives, Bear Hill and Dave Johnson, to Washington, D.C., as a translator to lobby for school funding.[3] While there, she also advocated that Indians be given universal citizenship. The Indian Citizenship Act was passed in 1924. Not all Indians supported passage of this act, which provided voting rights for Native Americans, because they feared that it was another step toward assimilation and that it undermined tribal sovereignty.
Dolly's husband George Cusker served on the Tribal Council Executive Board; she often attended in his stead. Ultimately, she was appointed to the board in her own right.[1]
In 1932 Cusker was elected to the state house as a Democrat (she later became a Republican). She became the first American Indian to serve in the Montana legislature and was the only woman serving in the 1933-34 legislative session.[1] She was appointed to the Federal Relations Committee and was a special representative of the governor to the U.S. Secretary of Interior.[4]
Akers remained politically engaged for her entire life. She visited Washington, D.C., 57 times as a tribal delegate and was a member of the Fort Peck Tribal Council off and on for forty years.[4] Her career was not without controversy. For example, in 1959, she was removed from the tribal council by a vote of 279 to 189 and "barred forever from holding office and representing the Fort Peck Sioux and Assinniboine tribes." That vote was later overturned.[5]
Akers frequently challenged the Indian Bureau's management of tribal resources, believing that tribes (and individual Indians) should be permitted to manage their own affairs just as non-Indians could. "Why should Indian people," she asked in 1952, "be forced to live under a law made some 80 years ago? That is the year in which the Indian Commissioner referred to Indians as 'wild beasts!'"[1]
Her belief in Indian autonomy led her to support the controversial policy of Termination, that advocated "terminating" the U.S. government's treaty obligations to tribes in order to encourage individual Indians to integrate into the larger Euro-American society. Looking back on her career, she was most proud of successfully lobbying for a regulation permitting tribes to hire their own legal counsel and the 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act.[1]
Notes
- ""I am a very necessary evil": The Political Career of Dolly Smith Cusker Akers". Women's History Matters. Montana Historical Society. Retrieved 2015. Check date values in:
|accessdate=(help) - "Dolly Smith Cusker Akers papers, 1927-1985". Archives West. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- Letter from Alvina Welliver [Dolly Akers' daughter], November 13, 1985, in the Akers, Dolly Smith Cusker Vertical File, Montana Historical Society Research Center
- "First Indian Woman Legislator Dies at 85". Great Falls Tribune. June 7, 1986.
- "Dolly Akers Reinstated by Indian Bureau Ruling". Great Falls Tribune. January 11, 1959.