Division of the North

The Division of the North (Spanish: División del Norte) was a 19th-century Spanish infantry division.

This article is about the 19th-century Spanish unit. For the Mexican revolutionary army, see División del Norte.

Division of the North
Active	March – November 1808
Disbanded	November 1808 (destroyed)
Country	Spain
Allegiance	Ferdinand VII of Spain
Branch	Army
Type	Infantry
Role	Garrison, front-line
Size	15,000
Garrison/HQ	Denmark (until May 1808)
Engagements	Escape from Denmark Battle of Valmaseda Battle of Espinosa
Commanders
Notable commanders	Marquis of La Romana, Joaquín Blake y Joyes

Spain was, at that time, an ally of France and the division, composed of 15,000 men under the command of the Marquis de la Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda,[1] was initially deployed, between 1807 and 1808, to perform garrison duties in Hamburg under Marshal Bernadotte. In March 1808, along with a Franco-Belgian unit of approximately the same size, the unit was deployed to Denmark, with the two-fold objective of protecting that country, also an ally of Napoleon, and preparing for an invasion of Sweden.

Return to Spain

While the Division was in Denmark, the Peninsular War broke out on 2 May 1808. Once Caro y Sureda learned of the changed situation, he made plans with the British to return the Division to Spain. The Marquis contacted Rear-Admiral Keats in his flagship Superb, and on 9 August 1808 the Spaniards seized the fort and town of Nyborg. Keats' squadron then took possession of the port and organized the transportation of the Spanish back to their home country.[2] Some 9-12,000 men of the 15,000-strong division were immediately able to board British ships on 27 August and ultimately escape to Spain.[3] Their defection reduced Bernadotte's "Hanseatic Army" to a string of glorified coastal garrisons, severely sapping Napoleon's left (north) wing in the contest with Austria for mastery over Central Europe in 1809.

The Division of the North, sent to fight the British in Denmark, pledging to turn against France and side with the British.

Romana and his men arrived at Santander, Spain, where he was appointed Commander of the Galician Armada. The Division reinforced Lieutenant-General Joaquín Blake, whose Army of Galicia was in retreat from superior French armies in Cantabria. At the Battle of Valmaseda, which took place on 5 November 1808, Blake suddenly turned on his pursuers to rescue a trapped detachment and defeated a division of General Victor's army at Valmaseda (Biscay).

The Division then participated in the Battle of Espinosa, fought on 10 and 11 November at the township of Espinosa de los Monteros in the Cantabrian Mountains. The battle resulted in General Victor defeating Blake. Blake, to his credit, led his remaining men through an heroic retreat west through the mountains, escaping Soult's pursuit. However, when he arrived at León on 23 November, only 10,000 men remained under his banner.

See also

• Army of Spain (Peninsular War)

Notes

1. Gates (1986), p. 479
2. "No. 16174". The London Gazette. 24 August 1808. pp. 1149–1152.
3. Gates (1986), p. 83

References

• Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-02-523660-1
• Chartrand, René (1999). The Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-765-8.
• Gates, David. The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Da Capo Press 2001. ISBN 0-306-81083-2