Diplocraterion

Diplocraterion is an ichnogenus describing vertical U-shaped burrows having a spreite (weblike construction) between the two limbs of the U.[1][2] The spreite of an individual Diplocraterion trace can be either protrusive (between the paired tubes) or retrusive (below the paired tubes).[3] Some ichnospecies have both types (e.g., Diplocraterion yoyo).[4] The presence/absence of funnel-shaped openings should not be used as an ichnotaxobase due the high probability that the upper portions of the trace may have been eroded away.[2] Observation of the orientation of Diplocraterion in the field is frequently used to determine the way up of rock strata at outcrop.[5]

Diplocraterion
Diplocraterion burrow (at left) from the Silurian-age Tuscarora Formation at Bald Eagle Mountain, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Specimen is ~22cm high.
Trace fossil classification
Ichnogenus:	Diplocraterion

Sketch by Richter (1926) showing spreite in a Diplocraterion parallelum burrow.

There are several ichnospecies of Diplocraterion.

Some Ichnospecies of Diplocraterion
Ichnospecies	Diagnosis
D. parallelum[6]	Parallel burrow walls and unidirectional spreite[6][2]
D. helmerseni[7]	U-tubes expand laterally at the base[7][2]
D. biclavatum[8]	Arms of the U-tube extend below the curved base and form blind pouches[8][2]
D. habichi[9]	Arms of the U-tube diverge upward[9][2]
D. polyupsilon[10]	Bidirectional spreite that constrict upward[10][2]
D. yoyo[4]	U-tubes with both retrusive and protrusive spreiten[4]

Ethology

The various ichnospecies of Diplocraterion provide a good example of how ethology (animal-substrate interactions and behavior) can be interpreted from trace fossils. Diplocraterion is a classic example of equilibrichnia (equilibrium traces).[4][11] These types of traces represent gradual adjustments to background sedimentation and erosion rates and reflect the efforts of the organisms to maintain a specific depth within the substrate.[11] This movement within the substrate produces the two types of spreite (protrusive and retrusive) characteristic of Diplocraterion and other ichnotaxa (e,g., Rhizocorallium).[3][11]

Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreit (e.g., D. parallelum, D. polyupsilon, D. biclavatum).[6][10][8] These indicate that the trace was produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top.[4] D. yoyo has both protrusive and retrusive spreiten indicating highly variable conditions (erosional and depositional) leading to the need for the organisms to constantly adjust itself up and down within the substrate to maintain equilibrium and not become exposed or buried.[4]

See also

• Trace fossil
• Ichnology

References

1. Richter, Rudolf (1926). "Flachseebeobachtungen zur Paläontologie und Geologie. XII-XIV". Senckenbergiana. 8: 200–224.
2. Fursich, F.T. (1974). "On Diplocraterion Torell 1870 and the significance of morphological features in vertical, spreiten-bearing, U-shaped trace fossils". Journal of Paleontology. 48 (5): 952–962. JSTOR 1303293.
3. Cornish, F.G. (1986). "The Trace-Fossil Diplocraterion: Evidence of Animal-Sediment Interactions in Cambrian Tidal Deposits". PALAIOS. 1 (5): 478–491. Bibcode:1986Palai...1..478C. doi:10.2307/3514630. JSTOR 3514630.
4. Goldring, Roland (1962). "The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper Devonian) of North Devon, England". Paläontologische Zeitschrift (36): 232–251.
5. "Determining stratigraphic tops". Geological digressions. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
6. Torell, O., 1870. Petrificata Suecana Formationis Cambricae. Lunds. Univ. Arsskr. 6. Avdel. 2, No. VIII, p. 1-14.
7. Opik, A., 1929. Studien uber das estnische Unterkambrium (Estonium). I-IV. Acta Comment. Univers. Tartuensis, A. 15(2), 56 p.
8. Miller, S.A. (1875). "Some new species of fossils from the Cincinnati group and remarks upon some described forms". Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science (2): 349–355.
9. Lisson, C.I., 1904. Los Tigillites del Salto del Fraile y algunes Sonneratia del Morro Solar. Cuerpo Ingen. Minas del Peru, Bol No 17, 64 p.
10. Smith, J. (1893). "Peculiar U-shaped tubes in sandstone near Crawfurdland Castle and in Gowkha Quarry, near Killwinning". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow (9): 289–292.
11. Buatois, Luis; Mangano, M. Gabriela (2011). Ichnology: Organism-Substrate Interactions in Space and Time. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-521-85555-6.

Further reading

• Šimo V. & Olšavský M. (2007). Diplocraterion parallelum Torell, 1870, and other trace fossils from the Lower Triassic succession of the Drienok Nappe in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia". Bulletin of Geosciences 82(2): 165-173. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.2007.02.165.