Didymus Chalcenterus

Didymus Chalcenterus (Latin; Greek: Δίδυμος Χαλκέντερος, Didymos Chalkenteros, "Didymus Bronze-Guts"; c. 63 BC – c. AD 10), was an Ancient Greek scholar and grammarian who flourished in the time of Cicero and Augustus.

Didymus (Δίδυμος)
Born	c. 63 BC Alexandria (?)
Died	c. 10 Rome (?)
Occupation	grammarian

Life

The epithet "Bronze-Guts" came from his indefatigable industry: he was said to have written so many books that he was unable to recollect what he had written in earlier ones, and so often contradicted himself.[lower-alpha 1] Athenaeus records that he wrote 3500 treatises,[2] while Seneca gives the figure of 4000.[lower-alpha 2] As a result, he acquired the additional nickname (βιβλιολάθας, Biblioláthas), meaning "Book-Forgetting" or "Book-forgetter", a term coined by Demetrius of Troezen. [2] [4]

He lived and taught in Alexandria and Rome, where he became the friend of Varro. He is chiefly important as having introduced Alexandrian learning to the Romans.[5]

Works

He was a follower of the school of Aristarchus, and wrote a treatise on Aristarchus' edition of Homer entitled On Aristarchus' recension (περὶ τῆς Ἀριστάρχου διορθωσέως), fragments of which are preserved in the Venetus A manuscript of the Iliad.[6]

He also wrote monographs on many other Greek poets and prose authors.[5] He is known to have written on Hesiod, the Greek lyric poets, notably Bacchylides and Pindar, and on drama; the better part of the Pindar and Sophocles scholia originated with Didymus. The Aristophanes scholia also cite him often, and he is known to have written treatises on Euripides, Ion, Phrynichus's Kronos,[7] Cratinus, Menander,[8] and many of the Greek orators including Demosthenes, Aeschines, Isaeus, Hypereides and Deinarchus.[9]

Besides these commentaries there are mentions of the following works, none of which survives:

• On phraseology in tragedy (περὶ τραγῳδουμένης λέξεως), which comprised at least 28 books[10]
• Comic phraseology (λέξις κωμική), of which Hesychius made much use[11]
• a third linguistic work on words of ambiguous or uncertain meaning, comprising at least seven books
• a fourth linguistic work on false or corrupt expressions
• a collection of Greek proverbs (περὶ παροιμιῶν) in thirteen books,[12] from which most of the proverbs in Zenobius' collection are taken.
• On the law-tablets of Solon (περὶ τῶν ἀξόνων Σόλωνος), a work mentioned by Plutarch.[13]
• He is attributed with writing a critique of Cicero's De re publica, comprising six books, referred to by Ammianus Marcellinus (22.16), which provoked Suetonius to counter with a defense of that Roman writer. The authenticity of the attribution has been questioned on the grounds there is no evidence Didymus knew Latin, and the suggestion the source may have confused Didymus Chalcenterus with Claudius Didymus, who wrote a critique of Thucydides' style, and a work comparing Latin and Greek.[14]

In addition there survive extracts on agriculture and botany,[15] mention of a commentary on Hippocrates, and a completely surviving treatise On all types of marble and wood (περὶ μαρμάρων καὶ παντοίων ξύλων). [16] In view of the drastic difference in subject matter it is possible that these represent the work of a different Didymos.[17]

The Stoic philosopher, Seneca, in his Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium claims that Didymus wrote four thousand books, while making a commentary on the acquisition of useless knowledge.

Further insight into Didymus' methods of writing was provided by the discovery of a papyrus fragment of his commentary on the Philippics of Demosthenes. This confirms that he was not an original researcher, but a scrupulous compiler who made many quotations from earlier writers, and who was prepared to comment about chronology and history, as well as rhetoric and style.[18]

In fiction

• Didymus is a lead character in Michael Livingston's 2015 historical fantasy novel The Shards of Heaven.[19][20]

Sources

Editions

• Scholia on the Iliad:
  Erbse, H. 1969-88, Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem, 7 vols. (Berlin)
• Didymus' work reconstructed from the Iliad scholia:
  Schmidt, M. 1964 [1854], Didymi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta quae supersunt omnia, reprint (Amsterdam)
• The commentary on Demosthenes:,
  Didymos: On Demosthenes, edited with a translation by Philip Harding, 2006 (OUP)

See also

• Homeric scholarship
• Venetus A

Notes

1. 'It is known to have happened to Didymus, than whom no one wrote more books, that when he objected to someone's account as being false, a book of his that contained the same account was produced.'('Nam Didymus, quo nemo plura scripsit,accidisse compertum est ut, cum historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, ipsius proferretur liber qui eam continebat.')Quintilian 1.9.19. [1]
2. 'quattuor milia librorum Didymus grammaticus scripsit'.Letters 88:37.[3]

Citations

1. Gibson 2002, p. 56. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson2002 (help)
2. Athenaeus 1928, p. 136.
3. Gibson 2002, pp. 55-56. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson2002 (help)
4. Pfeiffer 1968, p. 275.
5.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Didymus Chalcenterus". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208.
6. Schironi 2018, pp. 18ff.,20.
7. Athenaeus 1930, p. 184 (9:371f). sfn error: no target: CITEREFAthenaeus1930 (help)
8. Etymol. Gud. 338.25.
9. Braswell 2017, pp. 80-84.
10. Macrobius Sat. 5.18; Harpocration s.v. ξηραλοιφεῖν.
11. Hesychius, letter to Eulogius; cf. Etymologicum Magnum 492.53, scholia on Apollonius 1.1139 and 4.1058.
12. Braswell 2017, pp. 98-99.
13. Braswell 2017, p. 99.
14. Braswell 2017, p. 100.
15. Preserved in the Geoponica.
16. Braswell 2017, pp. 100-101.
17. See Gräfenheim, Geschichte der klassische Philologie im Alterthum i.405, etc.
18. L.D.Reynolds & N.G.Wilson, Scribes and Scholars (OUP,1968), p.17.
19. "The Shards of Heaven by Michael Livingston". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
20. "Review: The Shards of Heaven by Michael Livingston". Kirkus Reviews. September 3, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2016.

Sources

• Athenaeus (1928). Gulick, Charles Burton (ed.). Deipnosophistae. Volume 2. Harvard University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Athenaeus (1940). Gulick, Charles Burton (ed.). Deipnosophistae. Volume 4. Harvard University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Braswell, Bruce Karl (2017). Didymos of Alexandria: Commentary on Pindar. Schwabe AG. ISBN 978-3-796-53493-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1968). History of classical scholarship from the beginnings to the end of the Hellenistic age. Volume 1. Clarendon Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Schironi, Francesca (2018). The Best of the Grammarians: Aristarchus of Samothrace on the Iliad. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-13076-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Russell, H.A. 1948, "Old Brass-Guts", The Classical Journal 43.7: 431-432
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.