David Riesman

David Riesman (September 22, 1909 – May 10, 2002) was a sociologist, educator, and best-selling commentator on American society.

For the physician, see David Riesman (physician).
David Riesman
Born(1909-09-22)September 22, 1909
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
DiedMay 10, 2002(2002-05-10) (aged 92)
Binghamton, New York, United States
Alma materHarvard College, Harvard Law School
OccupationSociologist
Known forThe Lonely Crowd
Parent(s)David Riesman

Career

Born to a wealthy German Jewish family, he attended Harvard College, where he graduated in 1931 with a degree in biochemistry. He attended Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Harvard Law Review. Riesman clerked for Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis between 1935 and 1936. He also taught at the University of Buffalo Law School and at the University of Chicago.

He worked for Sperry Gyroscope company during the war. After a fellowship at Yale to write The Lonely Crowd, he returned to Chicago. In 1958, he became a university professor at Harvard. Intellectually he was influenced most by Erich Fromm, as well as Carl Friedrich, Hannah Arendt, Leo Löwenthal, Robert K. Merton, Paul Lazarsfeld, Paul Goodman, Martha Wolfenstein, and Nathan Leites. He read widely in Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud.[1]

The Lonely Crowd

Horowitz says The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character, in 1950

quickly became the nation’s most influential and widely read mid-century work of social and cultural criticism. It catapulted its author to the cover of Time magazine in 1954, making Riesman the first social scientist so honored.... Riesman offered a nuanced and complicated portrait of the nation’s middle and upper-middle classes.... Riesman pictured a nation in the midst of a shift from a society based on production to one fundamentally shaped by the market orientation of a consumer culture. He explored how people used consumer goods to communicate with one another.[2]

The book is largely a study of modern conformity, which postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities. Riesman argued that the character of post-World War II American society impels individuals to "other-directedness," the preeminent example being modern suburbia, where individuals seek their neighbors' approval and fear being outcast from their community. That lifestyle has a coercive effect, which compels people to abandon "inner-direction" of their lives, and it induces them to take on the goals, ideology, likes, and dislikes of their community.

This creates a tightly grouped crowd of people that is yet incapable of fulfilling each other's desire for sexual pleasure. The book is considered a landmark study of American character.[3] Riesman was a major public intellectual as well as a sociologist and represented an early example of what sociologists now call "public sociology".[4]

American higher education

In addition to his many other publications, Riesman was also a noted commentator on American higher education, publishing, with his seminal work, The Academic Revolution, which was co-written with Christopher Jencks. In it, Riesman sums up his position by stating, "If this book has any single message it is that the academic profession increasingly determines the character of undergraduate education in America."

Riesman highlights the effects of the "logic of the research university," which focuses upon strict disciplinary research. That both sets the goals of the research university and produces its future professors. Riesman noted that the logic isolated any patterns of resistance that might challenge the university's primary purpose as disciplinary research, dashing their chances of success.

gollark: Anyway, there *is* a bare-metal CC emulator, but it's not very accurate. Importantly, it doesn't have networking, and potatOS needs that. And it doesn't work outside of QEMU for some reason.
gollark: ... that *would* be very cool.
gollark: What, and configure the physical computers to boot to Minecraft or something?
gollark: You would need some sort of bare-metal CC emulator.
gollark: When you turn on Extended Monitoring mode in potatOS, it logs literally all events/user input to a local file.

References
  1. Horowitz, pp. 1005–1010
  2. Howowitz, p. 1006
  3. Todd Gitlin, "David Riesman, Thoughtful Pragmatist", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2002-05-24 accessed 2006-11-29
  4. "Neil McLaughlin, Critical Theory Meets America (2001).

Further reading
  • Galbo, Joseph. "From the lonely crowd to the cultural contradictions of capitalism and beyond: The shifting ground of liberal narratives", Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Winter 2004, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp. 47–76
  • Geary, Daniel. "Children of The Lonely Crowd: David Riesman, the Young Radicals, and the Splitting of Liberalism in the 1960s", Modern Intellectual History, November, 2013, Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp. 603–633
  • Horowitz, Daniel. "David Riesman: From Law to Social Criticism". Buff. L. Rev. 58 (2010): 1005. online
  • Kerr, Keith, Harden, B. Garrick and Marcus Aldredge. 2015. David Riesman's Unpublished Writings and Continuing Legacy, Ashgate. UK.
  • Lee, Raymond M. "David Riesman and the sociology of the interview." Sociological Quarterly (2008) 49#2 pp. 285–307.
  • McLaughlin, Neil. "Critical theory meets America: Riesman, Fromm, and the lonely crowd". American Sociologist (2001) 32#1 pp. 5–26. online
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