Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a scientific research instrument for conducting a spectrographic astronomical surveys of distant galaxies. Its main components are a focal plane containing 5,000 fiber-positioning robots, and a bank of spectrographs which are fed by the fibers. The new instrument will enable an experiment to probe the expansion history of the Universe and the mysterious physics of dark energy.[1][2]

Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
DESI design concept in February, 2016
Alternative namesDESI
Part ofKitt Peak National Observatory
Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope 
Location(s)Kitt Peak, Arizona
Coordinates31°57′30″N 111°35′48″W
OrganizationLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Altitude2,100 m (6,900 ft)
Wavelength360 nm (830 THz)-980 nm (310 THz)
Built2015 – (2015 –)
First light2019 
Telescope stylescientific instrument
spectrometer 
Websitedesi.lbl.gov
Location of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

The instrument is operated by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under funding from the US Department of Energy's Office of Science. Construction of the new instrument, now completed, was principally funded by the US Department of Energy's Office of Science, and by other numerous sources including the US National Science Foundation, the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, France's Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission, Mexico's National Council of Science and Technology, Spain's Ministry of Science and Innovation, by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, by the Heising-Simons Foundation, and by collaborating institutions worldwide.[3] DESI sits at an elevation of 6,880 feet (2,100 m), where it has been retrofitted onto the Mayall Telescope on top of Kitt Peak in the Sonoran Desert, which is located 55 miles (89 km) from Tucson, Arizona, US.[4]

Science goals

The expansion history and large-scale structure of the Universe is a key prediction of cosmological models, and DESI observations will permit scientists to probe diverse aspects of cosmology, from dark energy to alternatives to General Relativity to neutrino masses to the early Universe. The data from DESI will be used to create three-dimensional maps of the distribution of matter covering an unprecedented volume of the Universe with unparalleled detail. This will provide insight into the nature of dark energy and establish whether cosmic acceleration is due to a cosmic-scale modification of General Relativity. DESI will be transformative in the understanding of dark energy and the expansion rate of the Universe at early times, one of the greatest mysteries in the understanding of the physical laws.

DESI will measure the expansion history of the Universe using the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) imprinted in the clustering of galaxies, quasars, and the intergalactic medium.[5] The BAO technique is a robust way to extract cosmological distance information from the clustering of matter and galaxies. It relies only on very large-scale structure and it does so in a manner that enables scientists to separate the acoustic peak of the BAO signature from uncertainties in most systematic errors in the data. BAO was identified in the 2006 Dark Energy Task Force report as one of the key methods for studying dark energy.[6] In May 2014, the High-Energy Physics Advisory Panel, a federal advisory committee, commissioned by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) endorsed DESI.[7]

3D map of the Universe

The baryon acoustic oscillations method requires a three-dimensional map of distant galaxies and quasars created from the angular and redshift information of a large statistical sample of cosmologically distant objects. By obtaining spectra of distant galaxies it is possible to determine their distance, via the measurement of their spectroscopic redshift, and thus create a 3-D map of the Universe.[8] The 3-D map of the large-scale structure of the Universe also contains more information about dark energy than just the BAO and is sensitive to the mass of the neutrino and parameters that governed the primordial Universe. During its five-year survey beginning in the second half of 2020, the DESI experiment will observe 35 million galaxies and quasars.[9]

Development

The DESI instrument implements a new highly multiplexed optical spectrograph on the Mayall Telescope.[10] The new optical corrector design creates a very large, 8.0 square degree field of view on the sky, which combined with the new focal plane instrumentation weighs approximately 20,000 lbs. The focal plane accommodates 5,000 small computer controlled fiber positioners on a 10.4 millimeter pitch. The entire focal plane can be reconfigured for the next exposure in less than two minutes while the telescope slews to the next field. The DESI instrument is capable of taking 5,000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 360 nm to 980 nm.  The DESI project scope included construction, installation, and commissioning of the new wide-field corrector and corrector support structure for the telescope, the focal plane assembly with 5,000 robotic fiber positioners and ten guide/focus/alignment sensors, a 40-meter optical fiber cabling system that brings light from the focal plane to the spectrographs, ten 3-arm spectrographs, an instrument control system, and a data analysis pipeline.

The instrument fabrication was managed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and oversees operation of the experiment including a 600 person international scientific collaboration. Cost of construction was $56M from the US Department of Energy's Office of Science plus an additional $19M from other non-federal sources including contributions in-kind. The leadership of DESI currently consists of the director, Dr. Michael Levi, collaboration co-spokespersons Prof. Daniel Eisenstein and Dr. Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, project scientists Dr. David J. Schlegel and Dr. Julien Guy, project manager Robert Besuner, instrument scientist Prof. Paul Martini, and commissioning scientist Prof. Constance Rockosi. Construction on the new instrument started in 2015 and was completed in 2019 with commissioning finishing in March 2020.[11]

DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys

To provide targets for the DESI survey three telescopes surveyed the northern and part of the southern sky in the g, r and z-band. Those surveys were the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS), using the Bok 2.3-m telescope, the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS), using the Blanco 4m telescope and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS), using the 4-meter Mayall telescope. The area of the surveys is 14,000 square degrees (about one third of the sky) and avoids the Milky Way. These surveys were combined into the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, or Legacy Surveys.[12][13] Colored images of the survey can be viewed in the Legacy Survey Sky Browser.[14] The legacy survey covers 16,000 square degrees of the night sky containing 1.6 billion objects including galaxies and quasars out to 11 billion years ago.

History

DESI received a go ahead to start R&D for the project in December 2012 with the assignment of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as the managing laboratory. Dr. Michael Levi, a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was appointed by the laboratory to be DESI's project director who served in that role starting in 2012 and throughout construction. Henry Heetderks was project manager from 2013 until 2016, Robert Besuner was project manager from 2016 until 2020. Congressional authorization was provided in 2015, and the US Department of Energy's Office of Science approved the start of physical construction in June 2016. First light of the new corrector system was obtained on the night of April 1, 2019, and first-light of the entire instrument was achieved on the night of October 22, 2019. Commissioning ensued after first light and was completed in March, 2020. Commissioning was completed in March 2020, and is targeting full operations by the end of 2020.[15]

gollark: <@332271551481118732> So why do you think tree/graph revisions are valuable?
gollark: Based on testing my internal time guessing loses a few seconds per minute.
gollark: It's useful to have it there to check quickly even if you don't constantly need it and the cost isn't significant.
gollark: But glancing at different bits of the screen for such information is far easier.
gollark: And battery and network status and open windows.

References
  1. Bebek, C.J., ed. (2015-06-15). "DESI Design Report". Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  2. Pultarova, Tereza (February 16, 2018). "How 5,000 Pencil-Size Robots May Solve the Mysteries of the Universe". Live Science.
  3. Roberts, Jr., Glen (2019-10-28). "DESI Opens Its 5,000 Eyes to Capture the Colors of the Cosmos". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  4. Telescope tracks 35 million galaxies in Dark Energy hunt, BBC Science report, 28 October 2019
  5. Seo, Hee-Jong; Eisenstein, Daniel J. (2003). "Probing Dark Energy with Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations from Future Large Galaxy Redshift Surveys". The Astrophysical Journal. 598 (2): 720–740. arXiv:astro-ph/0307460. Bibcode:2003ApJ...598..720S. doi:10.1086/379122.
  6. Albrecht, Andreas; et al. (2006). "Report of the Dark Energy Task Force". arXiv:astro-ph/0609591.
  7. "Building for Discovery: Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in the Global Context" (PDF). May 2014.
  8. Eisenstein, Daniel; et al. (2005). "Detection of the Baryon Acoustic Peak in the Large-Scale Correlation Function of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 633 (2): 560–574. arXiv:astro-ph/0501171. Bibcode:2005ApJ...633..560E. doi:10.1086/466512.
  9. "3-D Galaxy-mapping Project Enters Construction Phase". 2016-08-09.
  10. Levi, Michael; et al. (4 August 2013). "The DESI Experiment". arXiv:1308.0847 [astro-ph.CO].
  11. Preuss, Paul (2015-09-21). "DESI, an Ambitious Probe of Dark Energy, Achieves its Next Major Milestone".
  12. Dey, Arjun; Schlegel, David J.; Lang, Dustin; Blum, Robert; Burleigh, Kaylan; Fan, Xiaohui; Findlay, Joseph R.; Finkbeiner, Doug; Herrera, David; Juneau, Stéphanie; Landriau, Martin (May 2019). "Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys". AJ. 157 (5): 168. Bibcode:2019AJ....157..168D. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab089d. hdl:10150/633730. ISSN 0004-6256.
  13. Survey, Legacy (2012-11-08). "Index". Legacy Survey. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  14. "Legacy Survey Sky Browser". legacysurvey.org. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  15. Lincoln, Don. "Super New Telescope Opens Its Eyes For The First Time". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
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