Daniel Freeman

Daniel Freeman (April 26, 1826 – December 30, 1908) was an American homesteader and Civil War veteran. He was recognized as the first person to file a claim under the Homestead Act of 1862.[1]

For other people named Daniel Freeman, see Daniel Freeman (disambiguation).
Daniel Freeman

Freeman was also the plaintiff in a landmark separation of church and state decision.

Physician, Soldier

Freeman was born in Preble County, Ohio, but was raised in Genesee County, New York, and Knox County, Illinois. While a young man, his family moved frequently, living in Iowa and Illinois and settling in Beatrice, Nebraska Territory. He was a graduate of a medical institute in Cincinnati, Ohio; and practiced medicine in Ottawa, Illinois. He enlisted in the 17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War.

Homesteader
The grave of Daniel and Agnes Freeman at the Homestead National Monument of America.

On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act. This gave adults 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land if they filed paperwork and paid a small fee. The homesteader was required to build a 12x14 dwelling and farm the land for five years, or plant trees.

Although the land was cheap or free, many homesteaders did not last five years due to the blizzards, drought, disease, plagues of locusts, and loneliness on the open prairies.[2] January 1, 1863, was the day the Homestead Act went into effect. Freeman may have been a scouter for the Union Army, and said that he was leaving for St. Louis the morning of January 1, 1863, for military duty. Freeman convinced a clerk to open the land office just after midnight so he could file his claim.

When five years was up, the homesteader had to have two or three witnesses sign a document called "Proof Required Under Homestead Acts May 20, 1862 . . . " Daniel Freeman had his neighbors, Joseph Graff and Samuel Kilpatrick, sign this first document.

Marriages

Freeman married Elizabeth Wilber, who may have died in 1861, though some sources indicate that they divorced. They had three children.

Daniel Freeman proposed marriage by mail to Agnes Suiter of LeClaire, Iowa, and married her on February 8, 1865, in her parents' home. Agnes had been engaged to Daniel's younger brother, James, until he was killed in the Civil War. Daniel and Agnes had eight children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. Agnes lived on the Beatrice, Nebraska, homestead until her death in 1931.

In addition to homesteading his claim, Freeman also worked as a physician, and served as county coroner and county sheriff. During the period in which the Freemans lived on the homestead, several structures were built, including a log cabin, a brick house and several frame houses. None of these structures survives today. In 1936, the Freeman homestead was recognized by Congress as the first homestead in the country and designated as Homestead National Monument of America. It is now maintained by the National Park Service.

Religious separation case
The Freeman school.

Freeman was also the plaintiff in Daniel Freeman v. John Scheve, et al., a landmark case concerning the separation of church and state. In 1899, Edith Beecher, the teacher at the nearby Freeman School, was giving religious instruction, including reading passages from the Bible, offering prayers, and leading hymns. (It is not known if this school was named after Daniel Freeman or for Thomas Freeman, an unrelated brick maker and president of the local school board.) Freeman requested that Beecher stop, and she refused, claiming that she had permission from the school board. Freeman then took his complaint to the school board, which backed Beecher.

Freeman then filed suit in Gage County District Court, which found in favor of the school board. Freeman appealed, finally going to the Nebraska Supreme Court, which found that the actions of Beecher and the school board were unconstitutional under the Nebraska Constitution provisions (Art. I-4) concerning the separation of church and state.

The Freeman school, a one-room brick and wood school house, continued to be used until 1967. It has been renovated and is now open to the public. It is located about a quarter of a mile from the national monument.

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References
  1. National Archives, Washington D.C., Daniel Freeman's Certificate of Eligibility
  2. Badlands Homestead, South Dakota
  • Wilson, Rufus Rockwell (1901), "The Maker of Four Million Homes", The World's Work, New York: Doubleday, Page, and Company, I (5): 475
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