Dairy Queen

Dairy Queen (DQ) is an American multinational chain of soft serve ice cream and fast-food restaurants owned by International Dairy Queen, Inc., a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. International Dairy Queen, Inc., also owns Orange Julius, and formerly owned Karmelkorn[4] and Golden Skillet Fried Chicken.

This article is about the fast food chain. For the Catherine Gilbert Murdock novel, see Dairy Queen (novel).
Not to be confused with Milk Queen.

Dairy Queen
Subsidiary
IndustryRestaurant
GenreFast-food restaurant, ice cream parlor[1]
FoundedJune 22, 1940 (1940-06-22) in Joliet, Illinois, United States
FoundersJohn Fremont McCullough
Headquarters
Edina, Minnesota
,
United States
Number of locations
4,455[2] (US domestic, 2017)
6,800[3] (global)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Warren Buffett
Clayton Lundine
Troy Bader (CEO)
Mark Vinton (CFO)
Barry Westrum
(EVP Marketing)
ProductsSoft serve, fast food, ice cream, milkshakes, sundaes, hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken, french fries, soft drinks, salads (Texas: tacos, taco salads, nachos)
RevenueUS$3.64 billion (US, 2017)[2]
ParentBerkshire Hathaway
SubsidiariesOrange Julius
Karmelkorn
Websitedairyqueen.com

The first DQ restaurant was located in Joliet, Illinois. It was operated by Sherb Noble and opened for business on June 22, 1940.[5] It served a variety of frozen products, such as soft serve ice cream.[6]

The company's corporate offices are located in the Minneapolis suburb of Edina, Minnesota.[7][8]

History

The soft-serve formula was first developed in 1938 by John Fremont "J.F." "Grandpa" McCullough and his son Alex. They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee, Illinois.[9] On the first day of sales, Noble dished out more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours.[10] Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet, Illinois. While this Dairy Queen has not been in operation since the 1950s, the building still stands at 501 N Chicago St. as a city-designated landmark.[11]

Since 1940, the chain has used a franchise system to expand its operations globally from ten stores in 1941 to one hundred by 1947, 1,446 in 1950, and 2,600 in 1955. The first store in Canada opened in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1953.[12] In the US, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas. Using the 2010 census, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants per person is Minnesota.[13][14]

In the nineties, investors bought Dairy Queen stores that were individually owned, intending to increase profitability through economies of scale. Vasari, LLC became the second-largest Dairy Queen operator in the country and operated 70 Dairy Queens across Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. When stores were not profitable, these investment firms closed stores that did not meet their profitability goals. On October 30, 2017, the Vasari LLC filed for bankruptcy and announced it was closing 29 stores, including 10 in the Texas Panhandle.[15]

International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) is the parent company of Dairy Queen. In the United States, it operates under American Dairy Queen Corp.[16][17]

At the end of fiscal year 2014, Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries; about 4,500 of its stores (approximately 70%) were located in the United States.[16][17][18]

The red Dairy Queen symbol was introduced in 1958.

The company became International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) in 1962.

In 1987, IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain. IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998.[19]

Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small towns of the Midwestern and Southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s. In that role, they have often come to be referenced as a symbol of life in small-town America, as in Walter Benjamin at the Dairy Queen: Reflections at Sixty and Beyond by Larry McMurtry, Dairy Queen Days by Robert Inman, and Chevrolet Summers, Dairy Queen Nights by Bob Greene.

Stores

The company's stores are operated under several brands, all bearing the distinctive Dairy Queen logo and carrying the company's signature soft-serve ice cream (along with the trademark restaurants were "Brazier" locations with a second floor for storage, recognizable for their red mansard roofs.

As of the end of 2014, Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries, including more than 1,400 locations outside the United States and Canada.[20]

The largest Dairy Queen in the United States is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[21] The largest store in the world was built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[22] The busiest store in the world is located in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.[23]

Standard stores

While some stores serve a very abbreviated menu primarily featuring DQ frozen treats and may be open only during spring and summer, the majority of DQ restaurants also serve hot food and are open all year.

So-called "Limited Brazier" locations may additionally offer hot dogs, barbecue beef (or pork) sandwiches, and in some cases french fries and chicken, but not hamburgers. Dairy Queen Full Brazier restaurants serve a normal fast-food menu featuring burgers, french fries, and grilled and crispy chicken in addition to frozen treats and hot dogs.

In some locations built in the 1990s, the "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" slogan can be seen printed on windows or near the roof of the building. One such example was a former Dairy Queen Brazier location in Woodinville, Washington, where the slogan was printed near the tops of the windows. This location was converted into a Grill & Chill store around late 2016–2017.

DQ / Orange Julius

Also known as the "Treat Center" concept, an enhanced version of the original stores also serves drinks and foods from the Orange Julius menu. This was the company's preferred concept for new, small-scale locations, primarily in shopping malls food courts. Some early Treat Centers also included Karmelkorn.

Dairy Queen Brazier
A Dairy Queen Brazier in Edmonton, Alberta. This DQ was renovated into a Grill & Chill.

The name "Brazier" originated in 1957 when one of the company's franchisees, Jim Cruikshank, set out to develop the standardized food system. When he witnessed flames rising from an open charcoal grill (a brazier) in a New York eatery, he knew he had found the Brazier concept.

The "Brazier" name has been slowly phased out of signage and advertising since 1993, although it has not been removed from all existing signage, especially in many smaller towns and rural locations. Since the early 2000s, new or renovated locations which are similar to Brazier restaurants in terms of size and menu selection, but have been updated with the current logo and/or exterior, usually carry the name "DQ Restaurant", although the website's store locator still lists the stores that do not carry the "Grill & Chill" name as "Dairy Queen Brazier" and the smaller stores "Dairy Queen Ltd Brazier" and "Dairy Queen Stores".

However, the company website still considers its burger and hot dog lines as "Brazier Foods", according to the history section and some FAQ listed topics on the website.

DQ Grill and Chill
A DQ Grill and Chill in Canada

DQ Grill & Chill locations feature hot food, treats, table delivery, and self-serve soft drinks. It is the new concept for new and renovated full-service restaurants. Stores are larger than older-style locations and feature a completely new store design. In most cases, they offer an expanded menu including breakfast, GrillBurgers, and grilled sandwiches, as well as limited table service (customers still place orders at the counter). They also contain self-serve soft drink fountains allowing free refills. Some of the older stores have upgraded to the new format. However, there are still older stores that have not upgraded to the new format. In December 2001, Chattanooga, Tennessee was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States.[24][25][26] The nation's largest DQ Grill & Chill is located in Bloomington, Illinois.[27]

Texas Country Foods
A Dairy Queen outlet in Burnet in the Texas Hill Country, using the chain's previous logo

Most locations in Texas, including those which otherwise resemble the Brazier or DQ Grill & Chill formats, use a separate hot food menu branded as Texas Country Foods. Among other differences, "Hungr-Buster" burgers are available in place of the Brazier and GrillBurger offerings. Other food offerings not found outside Texas include the "Dude" chicken-fried steak sandwich, steak finger country baskets, T-Brand tacos, and a one-half pound double meat hamburger, the "BeltBuster".

Texas is home to the largest number of Dairy Queens in the U.S. All Texas Dairy Queen restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees.[28] The Texas Dairy Queen Operators' Council (TDQOC) runs a separate marketing website from the national website. Bob Phillips, host of the popular Texas syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter, was for many years the DQ spokesman in Texas, as the restaurant was a co-sponsor of the program at the time.

Products

The company's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1950, banana splits in 1951, Dilly Bars in 1955 (introduced to the franchise by Robert Litherland, the co-owner of a store in Moorhead, Minnesota), Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 (later renamed Misty Slush, then again to Arctic Rush; as of 2017, DQ again calls them Misty Slush, as seen on dairyqueen.com), Jets, Curly Tops, Freezes in 1964, and a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958. In 1971, the Peanut Buster Parfait, consisting of peanuts, hot fudge, and vanilla soft serve, was introduced by Forrest 'Frosty' Chapman in his St. Peter, Minnesota Franchise. In 1995, the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced, consisting of chicken strips, Texas toast (only in the US), fries, and cream gravy (gravy in Canada). Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink, the MooLatte.

The majority of Dairy Queen locations serve Pepsi-Cola products, but unlike most other restaurants such contracts are not mandated onto the franchisee, and as a result, some locations serve Coca-Cola products instead. Wendy's (until 1998), Subway (until 2003), Arby's (until 2006; returned to Coke in 2018), IHOP (until 2012), and Applebee's (until 2012) also allowed such leniency on beverage choice before signing exclusive soft drink deals with Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola, making Dairy Queen the last major restaurant chain without an exclusive soft drink contract.

Blizzard
A woman holding a Dairy Queen Banana Cream Pie Blizzard

A popular Dairy Queen item is the Blizzard, which is soft-serve mechanically blended with mix-in ingredients such as sundae toppings and/or pieces of cookies, brownies, or candy. It has been a staple on the menu since its introduction in 1985, a year in which Dairy Queen sold more than 100 million Blizzards.[29] Popular flavors include Oreo cookies, mint Oreo, chocolate chip cookie dough, M&M's, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, Heath Bar (Skor in Canada), and Butterfinger (Crispy Crunch in Canada). Seasonal flavors are also available such as October's pumpkin pie and June's cotton candy.[30] It has been argued that Dairy Queen drew its inspiration from the concrete served by the St. Louis-based Ted Drewes.[31] On July 26, 2010, Dairy Queen introduced a new "mini" size Blizzard, served in 6 oz. cups. During the 25th anniversary of the Blizzard, two special flavors were released: Strawberry Golden Oreo Blizzard and Buster Bar Blizzard. Salted Caramel Truffle was released in 2015 during the Blizzard's 30th anniversary and Dairy Queen's 75th anniversary, and is still on the menu today.

Blizzards derive their name from being so thoroughly cold that they can be held upside-down without any spillage. Employees will frequently demonstrate this to customers. There is a company policy that one Blizzard per order is to be flipped upside-down by the employee. If this does not occur, the customer may request a coupon for a free Blizzard to use on their next visit, though this is at the owner's discretion.[32]

Prior to the reintroduction of the Blizzard in 1985, Dairy Queen served conventional "thick" milkshakes called "Blizzards" in the 1960s. These were the original Blizzard milkshakes, so thick and creamy, the attendant would demonstrate amazingly by tipping them upside down. They sold for the premium price of 50 cents in 1962. These were served in traditional flavors such as vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, with or without added malt on request. The Blizzard was also invented by Samuel Temperato.

In addition, Dairy Queen offers a Blizzard Cake in flavors such as Oreo and Reese's. Much like the restaurant's conventional ice cream cake, this variation is aimed toward celebrations and birthdays.[33]

Frozen yogurt

In 1990, Dairy Queen began offering frozen yogurt as a lower-calorie alternative to its soft serve ice cream. According to a company representative, Dairy Queen's regular soft serve has 35 calories per ounce and is 95% fat-free, whereas the frozen yogurt was 25 calories per ounce. However, in 2001, the company phased out the frozen yogurt option in all its stores, citing a lack of demand.[34][35]

In 2011, International Dairy Queen Inc. filed a request for a preliminary injunction to stop Yogubliz Inc, a small California-based frozen yogurt chain, from selling "Blizzberry" and "Blizz Frozen Yogurt", alleging that the names could confuse consumers due to their similarity to Dairy Queen's Blizzard. U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner denied Dairy Queen's request.[36]

Advertising

From 1979 until 1981, the restaurant chain used the slogan "It's a real treat!". For many years, the franchise's slogan was "We treat you right." From the early-to-mid 1990s, the slogans "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" and "Think DQ" were used and preceded the aforementioned line in the Dairy Queen jingle. Later on, it was changed to "Meet Me at DQ" and "DQ: Something Different." Another slogan, introduced in early 2011, was "So Good It's RiDQulous,"[37] with Dairy Queen's current logo infused in the word "ridiculous". In the mid-to-late 2010s, their slogan was "Fan Food, Not Fast Food".[38] As of 2019, DQ uses the slogan “Happy Tastes Good.” The slogan This is Fan Food not Fast Food is still used on the cups, wrappers, and paper baskets.

In Texas, at the end of advertisements, there is frequently a Texas flag-waving, and the new DQ logo and slogan below saying, "Eat Like A Texan". Previous slogans include "The Texas Stop Sign", "That's what I like about Texas", "For Hot Eats & Cool Treats, Think DQ", "Nobody beats DQ Treats & Eats", "DQ is Value Country", and "This is DQ Country". These advertisements featured Texas Country Reporter host Bob Phillips as a spokesperson since his program was mainly sponsored by Dairy Queen.

Dennis the Menace appeared in Dairy Queen marketing from 1971 until December 2002, when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him.[39][40] From 2006 to July 2011, the advertising focused on a large mouth with its tongue licking its large lips, which morphs into the Dairy Queen logo. The mouth was dropped in 2011 after Grey New York produced outlandish spots featuring a dapper man, played by John Behlmann, sporting a mustache, performing crazy feats for Dairy Queen replacing it. After announcing tasty menu offers, he would do something outrageous, like blow bubbles with kittens in them, water ski while boxing, or break a piñata, out of which tumbles Olympic gymnastics great Mary Lou Retton. Later, the same firm made additional commercials based around odd situation titles with the DQ logo placed somewhere in them, like "Gary DQlones Himself", "Now That's A Lunchtime DQuandary!", "After The DQonquest" and "Well, This Is A Bit DQrazy!". All were narrated by a man with an English accent.

In 2015, Dairy Queen and model railroad company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Wm. K. Walthers came out with a Walthers Cornerstone HO 1:87 Scale models of a restaurant – one from the 1950s with the original logo and one from 2007–present with the current logo. The models are both officially licensed replicas.

Logos
The original retro-style neon sign with a cone in Ottawa, Ontario

The original Dairy Queen logo was simply a stylized text sign with a soft-serve cone at one end. In the late 1950s, the widely recognized red ellipse design was adopted. The initial shape was asymmetrical, with one of the side points having a greater extension than the other, especially when matched with the Brazier sign—a similarly sized yellow ovoid, tucked diagonally below its companion. By the 1970s, both sides were more closely matched, becoming symmetrical with the 2007 update (see online images for comparison). Some of the new 1950s signs continued to display a soft-serve cone jutting from the right side.

"Little Miss Dairy Queen" began appearing in Pennsylvania signage in 1961.[41] She had a Dutch bonnet, resembling the ellipse logo, with a pinafore apron over her dress and wooden shoes.

A yellow trapezoid Brazier sign, placed below the red Dairy Queen logo, was developed in the late 1960s. It matched the roofline of the new store design of the era.

The 1990s saw a new style of design, boxier with red strips containing the "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" slogan of the era near the roofline (some stores have removed this); straddling the center of the facade was a large blue sign that was a modernized take on the soft-serve cone design of the early 1950s, with white and red pinstripes trailing out from beneath the full Dairy Queen name, underneath the cone; the cone itself was now facing the building, to accommodate the physical ellipse logo; the sign continued further down the wall, with an angle and a "Brazier" logo strip. Additional cone signs were used to mark the entrance and exit of the store for drivers. This design was largely used on new stores but was sometimes used for remodeling older locations.

Although it had been used interchangeably with the Dairy Queen name for many decades, "DQ" became the company's official name in 2001. The font remained the same as in the original signage introduced 60 years prior. Throughout this period, the company placed the registered mark symbol immediately to the right, on the bottom side of the logo. When the company modernized its signage and logos in early 2007, it modified the font and italicized the letters, as well as adding arced lines, an orange one to represent its hot foods above and a blue one below to represent its ice cream products.[42] In the new design, the registered mark symbol was moved to be adjacent to the letter "Q".[43] The first overhaul of its logo in almost 70 years, the company claimed that the new logo would show brand growth and reflect the "fun and enjoyment" associated with its products.[42] Advertising industry observers have noted that the new logo was an unneeded update of a known and trusted industry brand and that its new features were distracting.[43][44]

The original signage is still in use in older locations or in locations that use a "retro" design motif in the property's design. One example was the sign used at the Dairy Queen in Ottawa, Ontario, which was destroyed and replaced in 2013.

  • Prototype Dairy Queen logo from 1940 to 1958, still in use at a small number of locations
  • 1958–2001, still in use on some signs, including Brazier locations
  • 2001–2007, secondary logo from 1960–2007 on the packaging, still in use on some signs
  • 2007–present

Global locations

Countries currently with Dairy Queen locations:

  1. Bahamas
  2. Bahrain
  3. Brunei
  4. Cambodia
  5. Canada
  6. Cayman Islands
  7. China
  8. Costa Rica
  9. Egypt
  10. Guatemala
  11. Guyana
  12. Indonesia
  13. Kuwait
  14. Laos
  15. Mexico
  16. Oman
  17. Panama
  18. Philippines
  19. Qatar
  20. Saudi Arabia
  21. South Korea
  22. Taiwan
  23. Thailand
  24. Trinidad and Tobago
  25. United Arab Emirates
  26. United States
  27. Vietnam

Countries and regions formerly with Dairy Queen locations:

  1. Austria (withdrew around 1999)
  2. Cyprus
  3. Dominican Republic (withdrew in the 2000s)
  4. Gabon
  5. Guam
  6. Hungary (withdrew in the 1990s)
  7. Italy
  8. Japan (withdrew in 1999; expected to reenter)
  9. Morocco (withdrew in the 2000s)
  10. Poland (withdrew in 2016)
  11. Singapore
  12. Australia
  13. Puerto Rico (withdrew in the 2000s)
  14. Slovenia (withdrew in 2000)
  15. Turkey (withdrew in the 1990s)
  16. Macau (withdrew in 2016)
gollark: How nice, you added confidence intervals, coral.
gollark: Yes, utter olivioform, fix.
gollark: <@!330678593904443393> you though.
gollark: Not you.
gollark: <@!290323543558717441> Quickly: which standard model particle do you most identify with?

See also

Notes
  1. Pallack, Becky (July 15, 2018). "Sweet success for Flagstaff ice cream parlor owners". Arizona Daily Sun. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
  2. "The 23 Biggest Fast-Food Chains in America". August 16, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  3. "Dairy Queen Franchise Opportunities". Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
  4. "Karmelkorn gourmet popcorn and popcorn gifts". karmelkorn.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  5. "FAQ". Dairy Queen. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  6. DairyQueen.com page: "History of Dairy Queen, IDQ Archived June 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine."
  7. "Corporate Offices Archived April 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Dairy Queen. Retrieved on May 12, 2010. "International Dairy Queen Corporation 7505 Metro Blvd. Minneapolis, MN 55439-0286"
  8. "Street Map Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." City of Edina. Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
  9. "History | Noble Dairy Queen Stores". July 9, 2015. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  10. "theDQteam.com". Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  11. "From Queen of Dairies to King of Kings". Chicago Tribune. November 21, 2010. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  12. Archived December 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine dairyqueen.com. Retrieved July 30, 2011
  13. "Dairy Queen". Texoma Living! Online. September 1, 2008. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  14. Staff, Website Services & Coordination. "US Census Bureau 2010 Census Interactive Population Map". www.census.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  15. "A Farewell to Dairy Queens". Texas Monthly. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  16. Hoovers.com. "International Dairy Queen". Hoovers.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  17. Hoovers.com. "American Dairy Queen". Hoovers.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  18. Hoovers.com. "Berkshire Hathaway". Hoovers.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  19. Gibson, Richard (October 22, 1997). "Berkshire Hathaway to Buy Dairy Queen for $585 Million". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  20. Stempel, Jonathan (February 9, 2010). "Buffett's Dairy Queen to expand into Egypt, Macau". Reuters. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
  21. Hansen, Karen (December 21, 2009). "Nation's largest Dairy Queen Grill & Chill set for B–N". Bloomington Pantagraph. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  22. "World's Largest Dairy Queen Opens in Riyadh". U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  23. "Popular Chains' Busiest Locations". Dailyfinance.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  24. "History of Dairy Queen". Dairy Queen. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  25. Mills, Karren (July 14, 2002). "Dairy Queen trying improved restaurants". Cincinnati Enquirer Online. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  26. "Dairy Queen opens new Grill & Chill concept in Simpsonville (Ky.)". Business First. December 18, 2006. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  27. "115545". Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
  28. https://getpocket.com/explore/item/a-farewell-to-dairy-queens
  29. DQ publication. "A Story of Sweet Success". Dairy Queen International. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  30. DQ Advertisement (November 1, 2007). "Blizzard of the Month". Dairy Queen of America. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
  31. Reed, Bill (April 15, 2005). "Blizzard approximates St. Louis original concrete". The Gazette. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
  32. "Frequently Asked Questions – Dairy Queen". www.dairyqueen.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  33. The Blizzard Fan Club. "DQ Blizzard Fan Club: History of the Blizzard". Dairy Queen International. Archived from the original on May 9, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2006.
  34. "Dairy Queen". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  35. "AllBusiness.com: "Dairy Queen phasing out frozen yogurt"". Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
  36. "Buffett's Dairy Queen loses frozen yogurt ruling". Reuters. September 14, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  37. Elliott, Stuart (March 3, 2011). "Concerns Remain for Dining Chains – Advertising". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  38. "Dairy Queen. Fan Food not Fast Food™. Treats, Food, Drinks & more". Dairy Queen. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  39. "FAQ". Dairy Queen. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  40. Kirbyson, Geoff (2004). DQ Blended. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  41. "Dairy Queen Blog – The Memorabilia Photos". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  42. "Dairy Queen overhauls logo for more modern look". Nation's Restaurant News. BNet.com. February 26, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  43. "Dreary Queen". Brand New. UnderConsideration.com. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
  44. Cohen, David (March 1, 2007). "Doritos Queen – a dairy queen disaster". idfive.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2009.

References
  • Hinton, S. E. (1967). The Outsiders. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-14-038572-4. OCLC 228138926.
  • Otis, Caroline Hall; Mundale, Susan (1990). The Cone with the Curl on Top: Celebrating Fifty Years, 1940–1990: the Dairy Queen Story. Minneapolis, Minn: International Dairy Queen, Inc. ISBN 0-9629040-0-7. OCLC 22993919.

Further reading
  • Miglani, Bob (2006). Treat Your Customers: Thirty Lessons on Service and Sales That I Learned at My Family's Dairy Queen Store. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-4013-8434-X. OCLC 76878287.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.