DEFA4

DEFA4
Available structures
PDB	Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1ZMM
Identifiers
Aliases	DEFA4, DEF4, HNP-4, HP-4, HP4, defensin alpha 4
External IDs	OMIM: 601157 HomoloGene: 48059 GeneCards: DEFA4
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 8 (human)[1]
End	6,938,306 bp[1]
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• protein homodimerization activity;
Cellular component	• Golgi lumen; • extracellular region; • azurophil granule; • extracellular; • specific granule lumen;
Biological process	• defense response; • defense response to bacterium; • neutrophil degranulation; • innate immune system; • antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; • T cell chemotaxis; • antimicrobial humoral response; • killing of cells of other organism; • defense response to fungus; • innate immune response in mucosa; • antibacterial humoral response; • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; • membrane disruption in other organism; • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	1669
	n/a
	ENSG00000164821; ENSG00000285318
	n/a
	P12838
	n/a
	NM_001925
	n/a
	NP_001916
	n/a
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Defensin, alpha 4 (DEFA4), also known as neutrophil defensin 4 or HNP4, is a human defensin peptide that is encoded by the DEFA4 gene.[3][4] HNP4 is expressed in the granules of the neutrophil where it defends the host against bacteria[5] and viruses.[6]

Function

Defensins are a peptide family of cytotoxic microbicides involved in innate immunity.[7] Members of the defensin family are distinguished by a conserved six-cysteine motif. Several human alpha defensin genes including HNP4 are clustered on chromosome 8. DEFA4 differs from other defensin genes by an extra 83-base segment that is apparently the result of a recent duplication within the coding region. HNP4 inhibits corticotropin-stimulated corticosterone production.[3]

gollark: > Some may argue that the CDC originally claimed that masks were ineffective as a way to retain the already-small supply of masks for healthcare providers and medical officials. Others may argue that the CDC made this claim due to ever-developing research around the virus. I am arguing, however, that the CDC made the claim that masks are ineffective because the CDC’s sole purpose is to provide scientific legitimation of the U.S. as a eugenicist project through medical genocide. As outlined in this essay, the CDC has a history of releasing deadly information and later backtracking on it when the damage has already been done.

gollark: > Choosing to tell the public that supplies that could benefit everyone is ineffective, rather than calling for more supplies to be created—in the midst of a global pandemic, no less—is eugenics. Making the conscious decision to tell the general public that something is ineffective when you have not done all of the necessary research, especially when medical officials are using the very same equipment, is medical and scientific genocide.

gollark: It seems like they seem to claim they're genociding *everyone*, actually?

gollark: Are you familiar with relativistic magnetoapiodynamics?

gollark: And they disagree with people disagreeing.

References

ENSG00000285318 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164821, ENSG00000285318 - Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Entrez Gene: DEFA4; defensin, alpha 4, corticostatin (Homo sapiens)".
Wu Z, Ericksen B, Tucker K, et al. (2004). "Synthesis and characterization of human alpha-defensins 4-6". J Pept Res. 64 (3): 118–25. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00179.x. PMID 15317502.
Ericksen B, Wu Z, Lu W, Lehrer RI (2005). "Antibacterial Activity and Specificity of the Six Human α-Defensins". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (1): 269–75. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.1.269-275.2005. PMC 538877. PMID 15616305.
Wu Z, Cocchi F, Gentles D, et al. (3 January 2005). "Human neutrophil alpha-defensin 4 inhibits HIV-1 infection in vitro". FEBS Lett. 579 (1): 162–6. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.062. PMID 15620707.
T Ganz; M E Selsted; D Szklarek; et al. (1985). "Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils". J Clin Invest. 76 (4): 1427–1435. doi:10.1172/JCI112120. PMC 424093. PMID 2997278.

Szyk A, Wu Z, Tucker K, et al. (2006). "Crystal structures of human α-defensins HNP4, HD5, and HD6". Protein Sci. 15 (12): 2749–60. doi:10.1110/ps.062336606. PMC 2242434. PMID 17088326.
Mallow EB, Harris A, Salzman N, et al. (1996). "Human enteric defensins. Gene structure and developmental expression". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (8): 4038–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.8.4038. PMID 8626737.
Bevins CL, Jones DE, Dutra A, et al. (1996). "Human enteric defensin genes: chromosomal map position and a model for possible evolutionary relationships". Genomics. 31 (1): 95–106. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0014. PMID 8808285.
Gabay JE, Scott RW, Campanelli D, et al. (1989). "Antibiotic proteins of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (14): 5610–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.14.5610. PMC 297672. PMID 2501794.
Davila S, Froeling FE, Tan A, et al. (2010). "New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine". Genes Immun. 11 (3): 232–8. doi:10.1038/gene.2010.1. PMID 20237496.
Kim E, Lee JE, Namkung JH, et al. (2009). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the haplotype in the DEFB1 gene are associated with atopic dermatitis in a Korean population". J. Dermatol. Sci. 54 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.12.005. PMID 19135873.
Milanese M, Segat L, Arraes LC, et al. (2009). "Copy number variation of defensin genes and HIV infection in Brazilian children". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 50 (3): 331–3. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181945f39. PMID 19194307.
Palfree RG, Sadro LC, Solomon S (1993). "The gene encoding the human corticostatin HP-4 precursor contains a recent 86-base duplication and is located on chromosome 8". Mol. Endocrinol. 7 (2): 199–205. doi:10.1210/me.7.2.199. PMID 8469233.
Furci L, Sironi F, Tolazzi M, et al. (2007). "Alpha-defensins block the early steps of HIV-1 infection: interference with the binding of gp120 to CD4". Blood. 109 (7): 2928–35. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-05-024489. PMID 17132727.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Wilde CG, Griffith JE, Marra MN, et al. (1989). "Purification and characterization of human neutrophil peptide 4, a novel member of the defensin family". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (19): 11200–3. PMID 2500436.
Singh A, Bateman A, Zhu QZ, et al. (1988). "Structure of a novel human granulocyte peptide with anti-ACTH activity". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155 (1): 524–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)81118-5. PMID 2843187.
Konishi K, Gibson KF, Lindell KO, et al. (2009). "Gene Expression Profiles of Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 180 (2): 167–75. doi:10.1164/rccm.200810-1596OC. PMC 2714820. PMID 19363140.
Emonts M, Vermont CL, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, et al. (2009). "Polymorphisms in PARP, IL1B, IL4, IL10, C1INH, DEFB1 and DEFA4 in meningococcal disease in three populations". Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 34 (1): 17–22. doi:10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181ce2c7d. PMID 20016407.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] ENSG00000285318 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164821, ENSG00000285318 - Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-3] "Entrez Gene: DEFA4; defensin, alpha 4, corticostatin (Homo sapiens)".

[pmid15317502-4] Wu Z, Ericksen B, Tucker K, et al. (2004). "Synthesis and characterization of human alpha-defensins 4-6". J Pept Res. 64 (3): 118–25. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00179.x. PMID 15317502.

[pmid15616305-5] Ericksen B, Wu Z, Lu W, Lehrer RI (2005). "Antibacterial Activity and Specificity of the Six Human α-Defensins". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (1): 269–75. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.1.269-275.2005. PMC 538877. PMID 15616305.

[pmid15620707-6] Wu Z, Cocchi F, Gentles D, et al. (3 January 2005). "Human neutrophil alpha-defensin 4 inhibits HIV-1 infection in vitro". FEBS Lett. 579 (1): 162–6. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.062. PMID 15620707.

[pmid2997278-7] T Ganz; M E Selsted; D Szklarek; et al. (1985). "Defensins. Natural peptide antibiotics of human neutrophils". J Clin Invest. 76 (4): 1427–1435. doi:10.1172/JCI112120. PMC 424093. PMID 2997278.

DEFA4

Function

References

Further reading