Dąbrówka High School (Poznań)

Dąbrówka High School in Poznań (officially in Polish: VII Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu, in abbreviated version known also as VII LO or colloquially simply as Dąbrówka) is a public school, located in the Poznań district of Jeżyce; it offers education to teenagers above 15 years of age. Founded in 1919, until 1967 it operated as an establishment for girls only. Currently its somewhat distinctive profile is marked by bilingual, Polish-German curriculum, complete with the Deutsches Sprachdiplom II exams. In terms of educational performance the school ranks among mid-range college-type schools in Poznań.

Dąbrówka school building

Foundation and beginnings (1919)
Naczelna Rada Ludowa, 1918

When in late 1918 political power in Poznań was claimed by the local Polish structures of Naczelna Rada Ludowa, all city schools for girls, the so-called Höhere Mädchenschule, were German in terms of instruction language and general outlook. The oldest and the most prestigious of them was the public Luisenschule. In the early 1919 the establishment was paralyzed by a conflict between German staff and the NRL delegate, Maria Swinarska, tasked with introducing instruction in Polish.[1] It is not clear whether the strife contributed to the future fate of the school. In May the Polish schooling board, Prowincjonalne Kolegium Szkolne, decided to break with the Luisian tradition, perceived as tantamount to Germanisation. In somewhat obscure circumstances the school was renamed after a medieval princess Dąbrówka;[2] the choice was supposed to underline patriotically Polish, anti-German and regional identity.[3] The institution commenced the schooling year of 1919/1920 as Państwowa Uczelnia Żeńska Dąbrówki. Until then most German staff had left, partially replaced by newly hired Polish teachers;[4] Maria Swinarska was nominated the new headmaster. Official ceremony emphasized re-launch rather than continuity; the 40-year-old premises taken over from Luisenschule were consecrated and following a solemn parade across the city the students joined erection of the Liberty Mound.[5] All paperwork, until mid-1919 conducted in German, was switched to Polish.

school used to be back-right

The Dąbrówka School took over from Luisenwschule a large compound located at the Western side of the Młyńska Street; it consisted of a front building, running along the street, and two large perpendicular buildings in the back, called the Northern One and Southern One; the backyard in-between was used as a sporting ground for PE lessons.[6] Though with no electricity and no central heating, the premises were in perfect running condition.[7] It seems that staff shortages were addressed fairly quickly, as in late 1919 there were 24 Poles among 35 teachers listed.[8] The school retained its female profile; an unspecified number of girls commenced education in Luisenschule, but completed it already in the Dąbrówka School.[9] Recruitment scale is not clear; the number of girls admitted in the very early 1920s ranges depending upon the source from 538[10] to above 1057.[11] A huge number of candidates triggered opening of a new similar female school in the Łazarz district, where some of the students admitted have been re-directed.[12]

Maria Swinarska (1880-1963)
originated from the family of landholders, graduated with the Ursulines, initially taught at the Posen private school of Anastazja Warnka. Studied pedagogics in Breslau, but could find work when back in Posen; taught in Berlin and Niederschlesien. She was the first Dąbrówka headmaster, serving until 1933. During the Nazi rule she ran makeshift clandestine courses. Remained in touch with the school until the late 1950s

Ethnic composition of the girls is far from agreed; some authors claim that the Germans were in minority, others claim that they dominated; none of the sources consulted provides information on Jews, traditionally forming a significant fraction of the Luisenschule students.[13] The number of schooling groups slightly exceeded 30, some 2/3 with instruction in Polish and 1/3 in German.[14] Initially the school offered curriculum according to various teaching schemes and some sources claim that in fact there were five formulas co-existing: gymnasium, lyceum, high lyceum (seminar for teachers), practice unit (training ground for seminarians) and a so-called economy school (of unclear formula).[15] Given vastly different teaching modules, girls barely in teenage years might have mixed with young women.

Dąbrówka School (1919-1939)
Social background of students[16]

Throughout most of the interwar period Dąbrówka was one of two public[17] and one of five female high schools in Poznań in general;[18] it was also the most prestigious one. The establishment was entirely Polish in terms of instruction language and general outlook. There is no information on groups with German, which must have disappeared in the early 1920s; later memoirs of Polish students only exceptionally refer to German colleagues. German textbooks and manuals were gradually being replaced with Polish ones. In terms of religion the school was clearly a Roman Catholic one and none of the sources notes presence of Protestant ministers. Until the late 1920s the overall number of students hovered around 800.[19] Once a neo-humanist division was set up in 1929[20] - since 1936 operational as entirely separate Państwowe Gimnazjum Żeńskie im. Klaudyny Potockiej[21] - the number of girls probably decreased slightly.

"centenary", 1930

The key feature of the school's history in the interwar period was gradual homogenization of the curriculum; both decades, but especially the 1920s, are marked by constant effort to standardize and unify the teaching formula. Starting the 1920/21 schooling year the seminarian curriculum was being shorted by a year every schooling year; in parallel, also the practice school program was being reduced; both modules were closed in 1930 and from then on Dąbrówka did not educate teachers any more.[22] Similarly, the 10-year lyceum curriculum was being curtailed gradually.[23] It was the gymnasium module which started to dominate, though it was subject to change as well;[24] the so-called realgymnasium curriculum was limited and it disappeared entirely in the early 1930s.[25] Since then Dąbrówka adopted mostly a dual humanistic and neo-humanistic gymnasium profile; the latter differed due to emphasis on foreign languages. Once Gimnazjum Klaudyny Potockiej formally split off in the late 1930s Dąbrówka became a standard humanistic gymnasium.[26] The school premises underwent major refurbishment in 1928 and electricity was fully introduced.[27] The school boasted of having a modern meeting hall; it could have been used also as a chapel.[28] Since 1930 the school owned a standard;[29] it was also the year when the first Alumni Congress was held.[30]

Irena Bobowska (1920-1942)
originated from the military family. Due to poliomyelitis she used a wheelchair from early childhood. A student in Dąbrówka in the 1930s, heavily involved in charity activities. During the Nazi rule she entered conspiracy, engaged in editorial activities, logistics and leafleting. Arrested in 1940, she underwent Gestapo interrogation. Deprived of her wheelchair, in prison she moved to investigation and back to cell crawling. Beheaded

Recruitment was based on entry exams; the girls wore black uniforms with a beret and white embroidery, the tuition fee was 110 zł.[31] The mid-bourgeoisie families dominated, represented mostly by civil servants and to a lesser degree commerce.[32] There were two scouting units,[33] Sodality of Our Lady and a number of minor groups.[34] At that time Dąbrówka, initially set up as a counter-offer to a Luisian tradition, started to claim the Luisenschule heritage. Exact motives are not clear, yet it seems that the board indented to bask in prestige of a hundred-year-old institution; in 1930 the school celebrated its centenary.[35] In 1933 the establishment acquired a rural estate in Czernice in the Zielonka Forest, destination of frequent holiday trips later on.[36] The school operated until the German conquest of Poznań in 1939; initially the premises hosted Wehrmacht units, later they were handed over to Frauendienst.[37]

Female school in People's Poland (1945-1967)
School premises in 1945

During the war[38] at least 11 students were killed by the Germans.[39] When most of Poznań was seized by the Red Army yet with the German troops still holding out in the Citadel, some teachers approached the nascent Polish administration about re-opening of the school;[40] few days later the Młyńska premises were almost entirely destroyed during the final phase of the battle. An attempt to seize a non-school building still standing on the former Luisenschule plot proved unsuccessful.[41] Following a brief period when the school operated jointly with the Potocka College[42] and once a formal decision to re-open the school had been adopted,[43] recruitment took place in the former Chamber of Commerce building.[44] In 1945-1948 Dąbrówka was hosted in premises of Państwowe Liceum Pedagogiczne,[45] Zamoyska College[46] and the former Colegium Marianum.[47] The school commenced the schooling year of 1948/49 at Plac Bernardyński, in the premises taken over from another college, shut down as hotbed of reactionary education.[48] At that time the heavily damaged building at Młyńska Street was refurbished and turned into a dormitory for non-resident girls of Poznań colleges.[49]

Dąbrówka girls, 1953

The school soon returned to pre-war scale; in 1946 there were 730 girls enrolled.[50] Initially education adhered to different formulas, resulting in age of students ranging from 11 to 28.[51] The curriculum was unified in 1948, when the establishment was formally turned from Państwowe Gimnazjum i Liceum Żeńskie into Szkoła Ogólnokształcąca Stopnia Licealnego. In line with the nationwide framework of an 11-year general education scheme, the establishment offered schooling in 4 highest grades.[52] Mounting political pressure introduced new rituals,[53] modifications of curriculum,[54] left-wing youth organizations[55] and staff changes,[56] which in the late 1940s resulted in totally new profile of the institution. It is not clear whether the school met expectations of the schooling board; on the one hand, control results were far from satisfactory[57] and there are news of some conspiracy groupings among the girls,[58] on the other, the school got Ministry of Education awards.[59] The new policy climaxed after 1954, when Dąbrówka was renamed to VII Liceum Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Dzieci.[60] In wake of the 1956 political thaw both scouting[61] and religious instruction[62] re-appeared in school; in 1957 Dąbrówka returned to its traditional name.[63]

Janina Kamińska (1903-1996)
originated from the family of state officials. Since 1920 a student in Dąbrówka, since 1927 a teacher. During Nazi rule imprisoned for 2 years. In 1945 she was the moving spirit behind the re-opening of the school and became its first post-war headmaster. As the icon of pre-war tradition she was sacked by the authorities and removed to another college. Member of the Dominican lay order, 1971-1983 its head for Poland. Has never married

In the late 1950s political pressure was resumed;[64] in 1959 the school entered Association of Secular Schools,[65] in 1960 last scouting units disappeared[66] and religious instruction was terminated again.[67] The early 1960s are the period of post-war demographic peak; the number of girls exceeded 1,000 and the number of teachers reached 150.[68] The premises were entirely re-furbished in 1965; central heating replaced previous old-fashioned systems,[69] floors were re-done and electricity wiring got modernized;[70] a canteen was opened, though as there was no kitchen meals were delivered by contracted-out providers.[71] The mid-1960s is also the last period when the school enjoyed prestigious status; as centrally located and the oldest one in Poznań, it was frequently visited by officials and the girls used to represent the city youth at various state and local galas.[72]

Standard format (1967-1994)
School premises 1948-1979

In 1967 the school was affected by a nationwide education reform.[73] One change consisted of departing from upper tier of the 11-grade general education scheme, and replacing it with a 4-grade format of Liceum Ogólnokształcące (general education lyceum). Another change resulted from shutting down all female schools; it turned Dąbrówka into a mixed-sex school, the formula launched in the schooling year of 1967/68.[74] The school was entirely re-formatted, especially that boys soon started to dominate; sporting[75] and education[76] successes, noted by the school at the turn of the decades, were accomplished mostly by male students.[77] As the standard no longer corresponded to the mixed-sex profile[78] it was withdrawn and none was used until a new one was officially introduced in 1973;[79] during a solemn ceremony there was also an anthem adopted.[80]

Rataje, would-be premises

Right wing of the school building was heavily damaged by fire, which broke out in 1972. Since it proved unfeasible to complete refurbishment in parallel with usual education activities, some of the premises were shut down;[81] this in turn resulted in overcrowding. Both the school management and the local schooling board started to consider relocation of Dąbrówka to some other premises, perceived as a provisional or perhaps a permanent measure. In the mid-1970s it was planned to move the establishment to the Rataje district, where a new schooling compound was being constructed from scratch; however, in unclear circumstances in 1978 the buildings were allocated to a newly opened lyceum.[82] Later Dąbrówka was to move to another freshly-constructed settlement at Norwida Street in the Jeżyce district; eventually the site went to a primary school. The Żeromskiego Street premises emptied by the latter were eventually marked for Dąbrówka. It is there that the school commenced the schooling year of 1979/80.[83]

School premises since 1979

The Dąbrówka history of the 1980s reflects the tumultuous history of the country. In 1980 the staff founded a branch of Solidarność trade union;[84] in 1981 the students made sure that a cross presented to the school by the Pope was during a solemn ceremony[85] placed in the school foyer.[86] The cross was withdrawn into a locked "memory hall" in 1982; this in turn caused that flowers were laid and removed from its doors.[87] Some students were being detained during street riots or leafleting campaigns;[88] unofficial scouting was implanted as a Green Six team.[89] A large[90] December 13, 1985 gathering of students marking the 4th anniversary of martial law decree produced disciplinary measures, though no-one has been expelled.[91] In 1986 secret security operatives detained a student in the school building[92] while official launch of the 1986/87 schooling year turned into a scandal.[93] In the late 1980s Dąbrówka became the nucleus of a sub-culture "Naszość" group.[94] The cross was placed back in the foyer in 1991;[95] in the new era changes among the managing board ensued.[96] An initiative which would prove of high importance later was the launch of a broadened curriculum of German in 1987; Dąbrówka commenced collaboration with a school from West Berlin, resulting in students’ exchange starting the year of 1988.[97]

Bi-lingual school and gymnasium (1994-2017)
Poznań college youth, early 90s

Banking on earlier enhanced German curriculum experience, in the 1994/95 schooling year Dąbrówka opened a bi-lingual Polish-German unit; apart from a similar Polish-French one, operated by the Marcinkowski College, the initiative was a unique one in Poznań and in the Wielkopolska region. The bi-lingual curriculum covered a 5-year scheme, including the 0 grade for oldest primary school students.[98] Its scope was systematically broadened; in the late 1990s the school embarked also on a number of programs financed by the Bundesrepublik and related to promotion of German culture and language. Dąbrówka commenced courses preparing for the Deutsches Sprachdiplom exam, which was for the first time offered in 1999; since then DSD II has been crowning the teaching of German in the school every year.[99]

longest serving teachers[100]
yearsnamesubjectperiod
44Jadwiga Laskowskabiology1962-2006
40Irena Dropińskaforeign languages1919-39, 1945-65
36Regina Framskachemistry1970-2006
36Wiesława Heisigmath1971-2007
35Krystyna Brodowskaforeign languages1972-2007
34Gabriela Kaźmierczykmusic1929-39, 1945-69
31Zdzisława SmuszkiewiczPolish1962-1993
31Stefania Pietruszankaforeign languages1919-39, 1945-56
31Barbara Rataszewskaphysics1919-39, 1945-56
30Maria PaszkiewiczPolish1960-1990

Following a nationwide education reform of 1999 Dąbrówka was re-formatted into a 3-grade school and provided basis for setting up a 3-grade gymnasium, a phase in-between primary school and lyceum.[101] Both units commenced the schooling year of 2001/02 as a joint Zespół Szkół Ogólnokształcących nr 10. Though legally separate, the two institutions were hosted in the same building; in terms of operations and management they remained fairy integrated, sharing the same statute, pedagogical council, students’ board and parents’ board.[102] Following a plebiscite held among its students, the nameless gymnasium adopted the name of Dąbrówka in 2004[103] and received its own standard.[104] The year of 2002 saw birth of Stowarzyszenie Przyjaciół Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu,[105] an alumni association which since has been organizing their irregular gatherings.[106] Appointment of a new headmaster in 2007 marked a symbolic change; for the first time ever the post has been assumed by a male, and for the first time ever the vacancy was filled by means of public competition.[107] Refurbishment works carried out were modest; they consisted mostly of repairing damages caused by minor 1998 fire[108] and purchase of new equipment.[109]

Jugend Debattiert

In the early 21st century both sections of the Dąbrówka school systematically advanced their specifics – rendering them distinct from other Poznań schools – by enhancing links to German culture and language. In 2005 for the first time some students completed education by taking bi-lingual matura exam; it has been offered since then every year until bi-lingual matura was scrapped nationwide by the Ministry.[110] Also in 2005 the school joined the Jugend Debattiert International program.[111] In 2009 Deutsches Sprachdiplom II exams were for the first time offered at B2 and C1 levels.[112] Around that time Dąbrówka engaged in Deutsch Wagen Tour scheme, co-organized internationally by Goethe-Institut, German embassies around the world and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst .[113] Systematic co-operation was forged with Bundesrepublik colleges in the towns of Seelze, Karlstadt i Vreden.[114] In 2010 Dąbrówka was one of 26 bi-lingual Polish-German lyceum-type schools in Poland and one of 10 bi-lingual Polish-German gymnasium-type schools in the country;[115] apart from the lyceum in Leszno it was the only school of such type in the Wielkopolska region.[116]

Present day

The Dąbrówka lyceum and the Dąbrówka gymnasium operated jointly until 2019; following another education reform, since 2017 the gymnasium formula was being phased out until the schools were shut down two years later. High schools returned to the 4-grade scheme, to be exclusive from 2022.[117] The college is formally managed by the municipality of Poznań, supervised by the regional schooling board; according to the financial report from 2018 its assets amounted to $1,44m.[118] The lyceum keeps posing as a school cultivating the Luisian tradition and dates its history not from 1919 but from 1830; this is the reading dominating also in local media.[119]

headmasters
fromtoname
19191933Maria Swinarska
19331934Irena Lipska
19341939Cecylia Świderkówna
19451948Janina Kamińska
19481950Maria Iwanicka
19501962Irena Czajkowska
19621969Ludmiła Swinarska[120]
19691991Zofia Dąbek
19912007Elżbieta Stryjakowska
2007Paweł Kozłowski

Recently there are some 135-155 students completing education in Dąbrówka every year.[121] Compared to other Poznań colleges it is a mid-size school with some 450 students in all grades, much less than in Potocka College or Paderewski College, which open 8 groups every year and can accommodate 250 new candidates each.[122] In 2017 Dąbrówka offers 155 new seats in total, all divided among 5 sections profiled as focused on media, biology-chemistry, economy, engineering and bi-lingual Polish-German teaching, the latter divided into specialized sub-sections further on.[123] In terms of popularity among gymnasium graduates the school ranks mid-range. During recruitment for the 2017/18 schooling year there were 1.08 candidates for every seat offered, compared to highest school average indicators in the city recorded by Zamoyska College (2.28), Mickiewicz College (1.83) and Paderewski College (1.54).[124] In case of Dąbrówka the toughest entry competition was recorded in the bi-lingual section (1.32) and in the biology-chemistry section (1.26).[125]

Princess Dąbrówka

Few independent institutions in Poland compile nationwide ratings of colleges in terms of their educational performance; in these charts Dąbrówka usually ranks among mid-range schools in Poznań. According to the most popular Perspektywy analysis, among some 30 college-type schools in the city Dąbrówka was rated on position 8 (2012),[126] 7 (2013),[127] 12 (2014),[128] 12 (2015),[129] 9 (2016),[130] 9 (2017)[131], 10 (2018),[132] 13 (2019),[133] and 11 (2020).[134] The Wasza Edukacja rating evaluated Dąbrówka as the 10th (2017),[135] the 7th (2018),[136] and the 6th (2019)[137] best high school in Poznań.

Following the 2017 phase-out of the Dąbrówka gymnasium, which ranked much higher than the high school and served as a magnet for both units, the position of Dąbrówka lyceum on the educational market in Poznań is not clear yet.[138] Its unique feature is the bi-lingual profile, linked to the DFD II exams offered;[139] in 2017 no college in the Wielkopolska region outperformed Dąbrówka in terms of German language matura results.[140] On the other hand, matura results in math, Polish, non-German modern languages and other subjects in Dąbrówka are visibly worse than in the best Poznań colleges. Also, the school recorded only 5 prized places in nationwide college-level competitions during the last 10 years[141]; in comparison, the Mickiewicz College might boast of 29 prized places.[142]

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gollark: Viewing Comrade: I'M AN INDIVIDUAL NOT A PASTAComrade Cave is so much better than the old boring regular cave.
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gollark: What would be great is names limited only to per-scroll uniqueness.
gollark: I'm [AGE].

See also

Notes
  1. Zdzisława Smuszkiewicz, Z dawnych dziejów Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-1939), [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 47
  2. it appears that the decision to choose Dąbrówka has been taken beyond the school, perhaps in the local schooling board. The first Polish headmaster of the school notes that she was merely informed, Smuszkiewicz 2010, pp. 45-46
  3. for symbolic threads related to the person of Dąbrówka and speculations on the logic of the choice see Magdalena Witasik, Dlaczego Dąbrówka? W kwestii wyboru patronki szkoły, [in:] Helena Dolata, Maria Dolata, Wacława Małecka (eds.), Zjazd Dąbrówczański, Poznań 2005, pp. 15-16
  4. Justyna Gulczyńska, Szkolnictwo średnie dla dziewcząt w Poznaniu w okresie międzywojennym, [in:] Wiesław Jamrożek, Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk (eds.), Rola i miejsce kobiet w edukacji i kulturze polskiej, vol. 1, Poznań 1998, ISBN 8386650672, p. 171
  5. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 46
  6. Wacława Małecka, „Wędrująca szkoła” – siedziby, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 26
  7. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 52
  8. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  9. see e.g. the case of Julianna Wilak-Niewiedział, Helena Dolata, Maria Dolata, Wacława Małecka (eds.), Zjazd Dąbrówczański, Poznań 2005, p. 45
  10. Małecka 2010, p. 127
  11. Zdzisława Smuszkiewicz, Z dawnych dziejów poznańskiej Dąbrówki (1830-1939), [in:] Kronika Miasta Poznania 69/4 (2001), p. 125, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  12. Jerzy Topolski, Dzieje Poznania w latach 1793-1945: 1918-1945, vol. 2/2, Poznań 1994, ISBN 8301113936, s 1156, II Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Generałowej Zamoyskiej. Historia szkoły service, available here, Aleksandra Smoczkiewiczowa, Państwowe Liceum i Gimnazjum Żeńskie im. Generałowej Zamoyskiej w latach 1919-1928 w moich wspomnieniach, [in:] Kronika Miasta Poznania 62/2 (1994), p. 380
  13. according to one author "during takeover" of Swinarska there were 46 Polish students among the girls, Danuta Piotrowska-Szulczewska, Z odległych wspomnień o Marii Swinarskiej, [in:] Kronika Miasta Poznania 69/4 (2001), p. 135. According to another scholar, "the day the school [Dąbrówka] opened" there were 1057 girls, including 353 Germans, Szmuszkiewicz 2001, p. 125, also Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  14. data provided by sources does not add up, see e.g. the claim that in 1919 Swinarska took over "31 sections, including 24 with instruction in Polish and 11 with instruction in German" [sic!], Gulczyńska 1998, p. 174, also Dorota Żołądź, Rola i miejsce kobiet w edukacja i kulturze polskiej, vol .1, Poznań 1998, ISBN 9788386650675, p. 174
  15. the lyceum scheme covered 10 grades, the high lyceum scheme covered 4 grades, the practice school covered 9 grades; structure of the gymnasium scheme is not clear, Gulczyńska 1998, p. 174, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  16. Smuszkiewicz 2010, ss. 49-50
  17. another public school was a college in the Łazarz district; until 1928 it was named Państwowe Liceum i Gimnazjum Żeńskie na Łazarzu, afterwards Liceum Generałowej Jadwigi Zamoyskiej. For a systematic review of all schools in the region see Robert Zimny, Prywatne szkolnictwo średnie ogólnokształcące w Wielkopolsce w latach 1945-1961 [PhD thesis accepted at the Adam Mickiewicz University], Poznań 2011, pp. 25-28
  18. identified private establishments are the Ursuline college Gimnazjum Żeńskie Najświętszego Serca Jezusa, Gulczyńska 1998, p. 171. The Ursulines operated a female college in 1853-1874; it was systematically harassed by Luisenschule and charged with "fanatical [Polish] nationalism"; following a campaign of harassment the provincial administration managed to shut down the school. The plot, purchased by the Regierungsbezirk, was handed over to Luisenschule and in 1919 taken over by Dąbrówka. The Ursulines moved to Cracow but returned to Poznań in 1919; they did not re-claim the Młyńska plot but built a new compound on the Sporna Street, Gulczyńska 1998, p. 172
  19. in 1928 there were 831 students enrolled, Małecka 2010, p. 127; for 1929 the figure is 828, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  20. see Historia, [in:] V Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Klaudyny Potockiej service, available here
  21. Gulczyńska 1998, pp. 174-175
  22. Wisława Knapowska, Dzieje Fundacji kp. Ludwiki Radziwiłłowej w Poznaniu, [in:] Kronika Miasta Poznania 8/3 (1930), p. 262
  23. each schooling year the scheme was reduced by a grade, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  24. by the end of the transition period, in 1929, the school operated 1 section of the lyceum curriculum, 2 section of high lyceum, 3 sections of practice school, 2 sections of realgymnasium, 18 sections of humanistic gymnasium and 3 sections of neo-humanistic gymnasium, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 48
  25. Gulczyńska 1998, p. 174
  26. following a so-called Jędrzejewicz Reform of the early 1930s the school operated 3 grades of "introductory curriculum" (I-III), 4 grades of gymnasium (IV-VII) and an unspecified number of lyceum grades, Gulczyńska 1998, p. 175
  27. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 52. One of the sources claims the refurbishment works were partially financed by "funds received from the Louise Foundation", Małecka 2010, p. 127. The information is puzzling, as Luisenstiftung was shut down by the Prussian authorities in 1874; perhaps it kept operating informally
  28. the altar was placed on bogie wheels; when removed, the place was turning from a chapel into a meeting hall, Małecka 2010, p. 128
  29. featuring the slogan "with burning faith and profound knowledge we build a better, brighter tomorrow", Małecka 2010, p. 153
  30. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 52
  31. Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 49
  32. according to the stats available 359 girls came from families of admin officials, 128 from commerce, 74 from crafts, 40 from teachers, 28 from farmers and 18 from landholder families, Smuszkiewicz 2010, pp. 49-50
  33. The Female Scout Squad of Emilia Plater was founded in 1912 and initially operated as a semi-clandestine unit. After roku 1919 it was affiliated with Dąbrówka and catered to older girls. The younger girls were grouped in the Female Scouting Squad of Aniela Tułodziecka, Tomasz Nawracała, Stefania Tokarska-Kaszub, Wybrane organizacja uczniowskie, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 195
  34. e.g, the Samaritan or tourist groupings, Smuszkiewicz 2010, pp. 50-51
  35. see e.g. the official invitation, available here
  36. Małecka 2010, p. 129
  37. Małecka 2010, p. 130
  38. during the German rule the school did not operate, though some teachers single-handedly ran makeshift courses, Małecka 2010, p. 131
  39. some girls were executed, some were killed in combat during the Warsaw Uprising, Wacława Małecka, Marcin Chwaliński, Maria Sutek, Janina Nowaczyk, Magdalena Paul, Alina Sokołowska, Anna Ziółkowska, Dąbrówszczańskie sylwetki, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (ed.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 275. The II Alumni Congress, held in 1945, was largely formatted as homage to the dead, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 59
  40. Małecka 2010, p. 131; the group was led by a pre-war teacher of the school, Janina Kamińska
  41. initially the housing office permitted takeover of the building, which since 1892 was owned by Evangelical authorities. In unclear circumstances the building was finally confiscated by the Appeal Court, Małecka 2010, p. 133
  42. initially both colleges operated jointly as Zjednoczone Gimnazjum i Liceum im. Potockiej i Dąbrowki; its moving spirit was the pre-war Potocka College headmaster Konstancja Swinarska, acting in accord with Kamińska, Smuszkiewicz 2010, p. 131. The school was hosted in the building of the former Evangelical alumnate, the so-called Paulinum, located at the Przemysłowa Street in the Wilga district, Małecka 2010, p. 132
  43. the schooling board formally decided to re-open Dąbrówka in March 1945, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 57
  44. at Mickiewicza Street; however, despite initial pledges on part of the authorities, the building went to other institution instead, Małecka 2010, p. 133
  45. at Mylna Street; education took place after-hours in the afternoon and evenings. Before the war the building hosted Wielkopolska Szkoła Przygotowawcza, Małecka 2010, p. 133
  46. at Plac Matejki. The girls who took their matura exams in 1946 celebrated in the Czernice estate, re-claimed by the school. The estate was lost in unclear circumstances, probably in the 1950s, Małecka 2010, p. 136
  47. at Różana Street, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 58. The premises were eventually marked for a primary school, Małecka 2010, p. 136
  48. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 59
  49. Małecka 2010, p. 138
  50. Małecka 2010, p. 134
  51. initially the school operated 3 schemes in parallel: 3 (gymnasium grades) + 2 (lyceum grades) for those with primary education completed, 1 (introductory grade) +3+2 for those with incomplete primary education and 2+2 for older teenagers, Justyna Gulczyńska, Dąbrówka w latach 1945-2001, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (ed.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 56
  52. the 11-grade general education school, introduced nationwide in 1948, consisted of the basic (7 grades) and upper (4 grades) tiers, Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 56, 64
  53. pre-war celebrations, like 3 of May or 11 of November were gradually withdrawn; instead, new galas related to the Communist outlook were getting introduced. The first of such cases noted was celebrating the Battle of Lenino on October 12, 1946; the next ones to follow were 1 of May, 22 of July (Communist launch of post-war Poland), 7 of November (the Soviet October Revolution), Gulczyńska 2010, p. 60
  54. one of the new subjects introduced was "knowledge about Poland and the contemporary world", Gulczyńska 2010, p. 60. Religious instruction was terminated in 1952, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 66
  55. Sodality of Our Lady, re-launched in 1947, was shut down in 1949; in 1950 scouting squads were incorporated into a new Communist youth organization ZMP, other left-wing groupings introduced were SP, OM TUR and Wici, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 62
  56. many pre-war teachers resumed teaching. The school headmaster was one of them, Janina Kamińska, an icon of continuity and tradition. This was exactly why she was removed and replaced by Maria Iwanicka, re-assigned from the Warsaw ministry of education. Iwanicka masterminded the process of re-formatting the school in line with the official expectations. According to recollections of former Dąbrówka students Iwanicka was a zealous Communist, dutiful, demanding and supervising especially girls of proletarian origin. Once her mission was completed Iwanicka returned to Warsaw; her further fate is unknown
  57. e.g. inspectors complained about low percentage of girls from proletarian families and low youth organization attendance, Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 66-67
  58. some recollections refer to a 3-person "anti-Communist organization" of 1951 and to a leafleting campaign, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 65
  59. Małecka 2010, pp. 140-141
  60. the school bore the Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Dzieci (literally Association of Children’s Friends; a pre-war mostly charity grouping, afterwards it was used to promote secular education and confront Catholic schooling) name from September 1953 till April 1957, Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 67, 70
  61. Nawracała, Tokarska-Kaszub 2010, p. 215
  62. reportedly during a plebiscite held in school almost all girls opted for resuming religious instruction, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 70
  63. Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 67, 70
  64. for pressure related to joining the Communist Party etc. compare Gulczyńska 2010, p. 72
  65. Towarzystwo Szkół Świeckich, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 70
  66. Nawracała, Tokarska-Kaszub 2010, p. 216
  67. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 71
  68. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 72
  69. Małecka 2010, p. 141
  70. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 72, Małecka 2010, p. 142
  71. Małecka 2010, p. 142
  72. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 74
  73. details in Stanisław Majewski, Przemiany organizacyjne średniego szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w Polsce XX wieku, [in:] Studia Pedagogiczne 13 (2000), pp. 51-75
  74. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 73
  75. in the early 1970s the male handball team was among the best college teams in Poland, Grażyna Sobierajska-Mormol, Sport w Dąbrówce, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 239
  76. in the 1970s 6 out of 8 triumphs in nationwide competitions were achieved thanks to male students, see Laureaci i Finaliści Ogólnopolskich Olimpiad i Konkursów Przedmiotowych, [in:] Dąbrówka service, available here
  77. 68% of students listed as top performers in nationwide schooling competitions are boys, see Laureaci i Finaliści Ogólnopolskich Olimpiad i Konkursów Przedmiotowych, [in:] Dąbrówka service, available here
  78. the original 1930 standard was burnt down in 1945. Its 1947 copy was in use for the next 20 years, Małecka 2010, p. 155
  79. the old slogan, referring to faith, was replaced with a new one; it vaguely hailed education as service to the Fatherland, Małecka 2010b, p. 159
  80. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 76, Małecka 2010, p. 164
  81. Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 75-6
  82. Małecka 2010, p. 143
  83. the building at Żeromskiego Street was constructed in 1956 to host a primary school, which indeed operated there for 23 years. Compared to the centrally located Plac Bernardyński premises it seemed "unattractive", Robert Noj, Małgorzata Eischler, Małgorzata Kraśnik, Elżbieta Nowicka, Dąbrówka współcześnie, [in:] Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (ed.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, p. 97. Most memoirs of former students and teachers feature anguish, bitterness and disappointment related to the re-location. Initial plan had it that the entirely re-furbished and modernized Plac Bernardyński premises would host either a regional library or a museum. Inefficiency of local municipal administration and permanent shortages of commodities resulted in the building remaining empty and in run-down conditions throughout most of the 1980s. In 1989 it was re-claimed by its pre-1948 owner, the Marynka College, Małecka 2010, p. 143
  84. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 77
  85. the ceremony took place on November 11, the pre-war Independence Day, ignored during the post-war era; students performed traditional anthems, also ignored after 1944
  86. the cross was until then in deposit of the local Catholic Academic Ministry, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 77
  87. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 77
  88. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 79
  89. the first signs of scouting being re-born did appear in school in 1979, Nawracała, Tokarska-Kaszub 2010, p. 218
  90. there were some 80 students taking part; it is not clear what fraction of the overall student school population they formed
  91. Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 79-80. In the schooling year of 1986/87 the schooling board reduced the number of sections opened by one, according to the present-day scholar the move was part of the retaliation strategy, Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 79-80
  92. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 80
  93. during the usual official launch of the 1986/87 schooling year a few students approached the microphone and asked why the cross had been removed; in the bewilderment that followed they were treated to a lengthy and windy response, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 78
  94. atalia Mazur, Magiczna data: 07.07.2007, [in:] Gazeta Wyborcza [Poznań] 06.07.07, available here
  95. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 78
  96. Zofia Dąbek, the teacher of Russian who double-hatted as headmaster since 1969, was replaced by Elżbieta Stryjakowska , Gulczyńska 2010, p. 81, Małecka 2010, p. 142
  97. Gulczyńska 2010, pp. 81-82. It was already the second case of closer co-operation with a foreign school. The first one referred to an unidentified school from Brno (then Czechoslovakia), approached in 1970; the choice was related to Czech origins of princess Dąbrówka, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 75
  98. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 82, Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, pp. 84-85
  99. Gulczyńska 2010, p. 86
  100. Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (red.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475, pp. 260-264
  101. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, pp. 84-85, Gulczyńska 2010, p. 83
  102. see the school stature, available here Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  103. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 85
  104. Małecka 2010, p. 164
  105. see history of the Alumni Association on the school web service, available here
  106. Alumni congresses were organized in 1930, 1945, 1947, 1958, 1981 i 2000; the Alumni Association organized the first congress in 2005
  107. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 86
  108. Małecka 2010, p. 146
  109. Małecka 2010, p. 145
  110. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 87
  111. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 88
  112. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 86
  113. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, pp. 88-89
  114. Noj, Eischler, Kraśnik, Nowicka 2010, p. 87
  115. Dwujęzyczność w cenie, [in:] Perspektywy service, available here
  116. Przemysław Wolski, Edukacja dwujęzyczna w Polsce – język niemiecki. Raport ewaluacyjny, Warszawa 2010, pp. 6-7
  117. until the end of the 2021/2022 schooling year the school will keep maintaining phased-out 3-year course for students who graduated from the gymnasium
  118. Informacja o stanie mienia VII LO, available here. Data in PLN; PLNtoUSD XR for Dec 2018 was 4,3016
  119. see e.g. Rocznica: 180-lecie poznańskiego liceum im. Dąbrówki, [in:] Nasze Miasto 27.09.10, available here
  120. the name is spelled as "Swinarska" (Gulczyńska 2010, p. 72), "Świniarska" (Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475 p. 260) or "Śwniarska" (Małecka 2010, p. 141)
  121. there were 143 taking the matura exams in 2017 in Dąbrowka. In previous years the figure was 146 (2016), 155 (2015), 136 (2014), 146 (2013), 155 (2012), 153 (2011) and 114 (2010), see Wyniki i analizy, [in:] Okręgowa Komisja Egzaminacyjna w Poznaniu service, available here, in particular the 2017 evaluation sheet, available here. In terms of the number of students taking the matura exam Dąbrówka was the 9. largest college in Poznań and the 31. largest in the region
  122. compare Szkoła ponadgimnazjalna. Zainteresowanie oddziałami, [in:] Nabór 2017 service, available here Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  123. see e.g. Informacja w sprawie przyjęć kandydatów do oddziałów klasy pierwszej VII Liceum Ogólnokształcącego im. Dąbrówki, available here Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine
  124. Szkoła ponadgimnazjalna. Zainteresowanie oddziałami, [in:] Nabór 2017 service, available here Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  125. Szkoła ponadgimnazjalna. Zainteresowanie oddziałami, [in:] Nabór 2017 service, available here Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine. Following the basic recruitment phase Dąbrówka had no more vacancies for the 2017/18 schooling year, compare, Szkoła ponadgimnazjalna. Wolne miejsca w oddziałach, [in:] Nabór 2017 service, available here Archived 2018-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  126. see 2012 Perspektywy chart, available here
  127. see 2013 Perspektywy chart, available here
  128. see 2014 Perspektywy chart, available here
  129. see 2015 Perspektywy chart, available here
  130. see 2016 Perspektywy chart, available here
  131. see 2017 Perspektywy chart, available here
  132. see 2018 Perspektywy chart, available here
  133. see 2019 Perspektywy chart, available here
  134. see 2020 Perspektywy chart, available here
  135. Wasza Edukacja service for 2017, available here
  136. Wasza Edukacja service for 2018, available here
  137. Wasza Edukacja service for 2019, available here
  138. the gymnasium rated among the very best in Poznań and every year it boasted of at least 10 students gaining top prizes at nationwide competitions, compare Poznański Serwis Oświatowy service, available here Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. The Dąbrówka Gymnasium aimed to be the best one in Poznań, compare Egzamin gimnazjalny 2015 WYNIKI: Które szkoły w Poznaniu wypadły najlepiej?, [in:] Głos Wielkopolski 04.07.15, available here
  139. see the official school website, available here
  140. in 2017 the Dąbrówka students recorded an average German score at the matura exam of 89.82% (the college coming second scored 83.86%), compare the evaluation sheet at Okręgowa Komisja Egzaminacyjna w Poznaniu website, available here
  141. compare the Dąbrówka College web page featuring its best performers, available here
  142. compare the Mickiewicz College web page featuring its best performers, available here
location of Dąbrówka sites in Poznań

Further reading
  • Helena Dolata, Maria Dolata, Wacława Małecka (eds.), Zjazd Dąbrówczański, Poznań 2005
  • Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Justyna Gulczyńska (eds.), 180 lat Szkoły im. Dąbrówki w Poznaniu (1830-2010), Poznań 2010, ISBN 9788360517475
  • Zdzisława Smuszkiewicz, Z dawnych dziejów poznańskiej Dąbrówki (1830-1939), [in:] Kronika Miasta Poznania 69/4 (2001), pp. 114-134

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