Cytopenia

Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of mature blood cells[1]. It is common in cancer patients being treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy.

Types

Anemia - a reduction of the red blood cells in the body.

Leukopenia - a deficiency of white blood cells, or leukocytes[2]

Neutropenia - a type of leukopenia, with a specific deficiency in neutrophils[3]

Thrombocytopenia - a deficiency of platelets

Pancytopenia - When all three types of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are all deficient. This is a life-threatening disorder that is a characteristic of aplastic anemia.[4]

There are also two general types of cytopenia: autoimmune and refractory.

Autoimmune cytopenia - caused by an autoimmune disease when your body produces antibodies to destroy the healthy blood cells.

Refractory cytopenia - caused by bone marrow not producing healthy blood cells, and can be a result of cancer.

Symptoms and signs

The symptoms of cytopenia vary depending on what type is diagnosed.

The symptoms of anemia include:

  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Poor concentration
  • Dizziness or feeling lightheaded
  • Cold hands or feet[5]

The symptoms of leukopenia include:

  • Frequent infections
  • Fever

The symptoms of thrombocytopenia include:

  • Easily bleeding or bruising
  • Difficulty to stop bleeding
  • Internal bleeding [6]

Causes

Cytopenias are caused by anything that promotes the body into creating antibodies to fight blood cells. This includes, but is not limited to,:

  • Chemotherapy
  • Malignant tumors
  • Antacids
  • Antibiotics
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antimalarials
  • Antivirals
  • Cardiac drugs
  • Diabetes drugs
  • Hyperthyroid drugs
  • NSAIDs
  • Rheumatoid arthritis drugs

Treatment

The treatments for cytopenia vary depending on the type of cytopenia. The treatment for anemia is rest and a diet consisting of high iron foods. Medication can also be used such as:

  • Epoetin alpha - a synthetic erythropoietin that stimulates stem cells to produce red blood cells.
  • Darbepoetin alfa - Stimulates red blood cells but requires less daily doses and less disruption in activities.

People with thrombocytopenia can be treated by avoiding skin damage such as bruising or breaking of the skin.

Neutropenia patients are advised to avoid contact with people who are ill, monitor closely for signs of infection, and take antibiotics when appropriate.

Growth factors are also another way to treat cytopenia. Growth factors are synthetic versions of substances involved in stimulating red and white blood cell production. These medications include:

  • Epoetin alfa
  • G-CSF
  • GM-CSF

Bone marrow and stem cell transplantation are effective for all types of cytopenias. However, when a compatible donor cannot be found, immunosuppressive therapy is also common. Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is mixed with cyclosporine to promote cell growth. [7]

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See also

References
  1. “Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic Revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7720. Https://Doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720.” doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f.
  2. "Leukopenia - MeSH - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  3. "Neutropenia - MeSH - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
  4. "Cytopenia Overview, Types - Cytopenia - HealthCommunities.com". www.healthcommunities.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  5. "Anemia - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  6. "Cytopenia: Types, Symptoms, and Causes". Healthline. 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  7. "Cytopenia Treatment, Prognosis - Cytopenia - HealthCommunities.com". www.healthcommunities.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.


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