Cuprate superconductor

Cuprate superconductors are high-temperature superconductors made of layers of copper oxides (CuO2) alternating with layer of charge reservoirs (CR), which are oxides of other metals.

History
Superconductor timeline. Cuprates are displayed as blue diamonds, magnesium diboride and other BCS superconductors are displayed as green circles, and iron-based superconductors as yellow squares. Cuprates are currently the highest temperature superconductors, which are suitable for wires and magnets.

Interest in cuprates sharply increased in 1986 with the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the non-stoichiometric cuprate lanthanum barium copper oxide. The Tc for this material was 35 K, well above the previous record of 23 K.[1] Thousands of publications examine the superconductivity in cuprates between 1986 and 2001,[2] and Bednorz and Müller were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics only a year after their discovery.[3]

From 1986, many cuprate superconductors were identified, and can be put into three groups on a phase diagram critical temperature vs. oxygen hole content and copper hole content:

Structure
The unit cell of high-temperature cuprate superconductor BSCCO-2212

Cuprate superconductors usually feature copper oxides in both the oxidation states 3+ and 2+. For example, YBa2Cu3O7 is described as Y3+(Ba2+)2(Cu3+)(Cu2+)2(O2−)7. All superconducting cuprates are layered materials having a complex structure described as a superlattice of superconducting CuO2 layers separated by spacer layers, where the misfit strain between different layers and dopants in the spacers induce a complex heterogeneity that in the superstripes scenario is intrinsic for high-temperature superconductivity.

Applications

BSCCO superconductors already have large-scale applications. For example, tens of kilometers of BSCCO-2223 at 77 K superconducting wires are being used in the current leads of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.[7] (but the main field coils are using metallic lower temperature superconductors, mainly based on niobium–tin).

gollark: The effort wasn't *that* much, resources loads but I had automining and autocrafting anyway.
gollark: The small 50kRF/t one exploded often, the other one was entirely fine.
gollark: I had two, one doing 50kRF/t net and one doing 200kRF/t or so net.
gollark: The fusion reactor wasn't *meant* to explode, just had some weirdness.
gollark: Thermal Expansion redstone furnaces don't have startup, just draw 20RF/t (base, they can be upgraded or will draw less if their internal energy buffer is low) constantly until items are done.

See also

Bibliography

References
  1. J. G. Bednorz; K. A. Mueller (1986). "Possible high TC superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system". Z. Phys. B. 64 (2): 189–193. Bibcode:1986ZPhyB..64..189B. doi:10.1007/BF01303701.
  2. Mark Buchanan (2001). "Mind the pseudogap". Nature. 409 (6816): 8–11. doi:10.1038/35051238. PMID 11343081.
  3. Nobel prize autobiography.
  4. Sheng, Z. Z.; Hermann A. M. (1988). "Bulk superconductivity at 120 K in the Tl–Ca/Ba–Cu–O system". Nature. 332 (6160): 138–139. Bibcode:1988Natur.332..138S. doi:10.1038/332138a0.
  5. Schilling, A.; Cantoni, M.; Guo, J. D.; Ott, H. R. (1993). "Superconductivity above 130 K in the Hg–Ba–Ca–Cu–O system". Nature. 363 (6424): 56–58. Bibcode:1993Natur.363...56S. doi:10.1038/363056a0.
  6. Lee, Patrick A. (2008). "From high temperature superconductivity to quantum spin liquid: progress in strong correlation physics". Reports on Progress in Physics. 71: 012501. arXiv:0708.2115. Bibcode:2008RPPh...71a2501L. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/71/1/012501.
  7. Amalia Ballarino (November 23, 2005). "HTS materials for LHC current leads". CERN.
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