Cupola (cave formation)

A cupola is a recess, indentation, or cavity in the ceiling of a lava tube, a kind of cave formation[1][2]. Cupolas may originate from partial collapse of the ceiling, inflation of the roof by gas or lava pressure, or from a roofed-over site of a former tube overflow.[3] They can be situated anywhere in a lava tube but are most common in lower-level passages.[4]

Two cupolas in the roof of Thurston Lava Tube of Hawaii. They are visible just before the roots hanging down from the ceiling, and again near the top center of the photo.

References

Larson, Charles V. (1993). "An Illustrated Glossary of Lava Tube Features": 56. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Green, Jack; Short, Nicholas M. (1971). Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features. p. 468.
"Nomenclature of Lava Tube Features" (PDF). Vulcanospeleology.org. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
"Cupola". Caves.org. Retrieved 2017-12-24.

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[LARSON-1] Larson, Charles V. (1993). "An Illustrated Glossary of Lava Tube Features": 56. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[2] Green, Jack; Short, Nicholas M. (1971). Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features. p. 468.

[3] "Nomenclature of Lava Tube Features" (PDF). Vulcanospeleology.org. Retrieved 2017-12-24.

[4] "Cupola". Caves.org. Retrieved 2017-12-24.